Cultural Setting And Companionship Of Mary Shelley s...

When reading a book with the intent to thoroughly understand it, it is essential to understand its author and the cultural context and companions that surround them. By applying the cultural context to the book, details that may have been missed by looking at it from a more modern view point can now be clearly seen. Also, by understanding the companionship of these writers, the reader can better see the influences of the people around them. Often whether intended or unintended, details related to these topics, are placed in the books, often allowing comparisons between the author s writing and life story to be made. In this paper, we will look at the cultural setting and companionship of Mary Shelley before and during her writing of†¦show more content†¦Now that the basic premise of the book is understood, it can now the analyzed. While Mary Shelley never got to meet her mother, her mother certainly had an effect on her. Mary Wollstonecraft, writer of A Vindication of the Rights of Women,was a pioneer in the women s rights movement.(Fee) One of the main things Mary took from her mother, was her belief in women s rights. However, why would someone who believe so strongly in gender equality write a book in which women only play small and limited supporting roles. Taking into account the culture that Mary wrote this book and it is easy to understand. By using these roles for women she highlighted the culture and emphasized women s roles in that society. (Hughes)Another way Mary may have applied her and her mother s philosophies to her book is in the very creation of Frankenstein s monster. Victor Frankenstein chooses to create life, but eliminates women from the equation. Mary may have used this as an analogy for woman s removal from activities him and parts of society that they should be a part of. Another way i n which Mary could have applied her own life to Frankenstein is her mother mothers passing. Mary Shelley s mother died just a few weeks after Mary s birth. This left Mary feeling abandoned alone and an outcast much like frankenstein s monster.(Gordon) Another one of the most key people in Mary s life with her father. However their relationship was quite Cultural Setting And Companionship Of Mary Shelley s... When reading a book with the intent to thoroughly understand it, it is essential to understand its author and the cultural context and companions that surround them. By applying the cultural context to the book, details that may have been missed by looking at it from a more modern view point can now be clearly seen. Also, by understanding the companionship of these writers, the reader can better see the influences of the people around them. Often whether intended or unintended, details related to these topics, are placed in the books, often allowing comparisons between the author s writing and life story to be made. In this paper, we will look at the cultural setting and companionship of Mary Shelley before and during her writing of Frankenstein to better understand the novel. Mary Shelley s Frankenstein is the story of Victor Frankenstein as he creates a monster from human remains. However, after bringing his creation to life, he is horrified by it and abandons it. This leaves the creation angry and depressed. He swears revenge on Victor. He kills his brother then Victor destroys the female monster he had promised his first creation he would build. This prompts Victor s monster to kill Victor s bride which causes Victor s father to die of shock. Victor and the monster then spend the rest of their lives hunting each other until victor dies causing the monster to kill himself. The book deals with themes such as the limits of science and whether we as a society can turnShow MoreRelatedCultural Setting And Companionship Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1800 Words   |  8 Pagesauthor and the cultural context and companions that surround them. By applying the cultural context to the book, details that may have been missed by looking at it from a more modern vie w point can now be clearly seen. Also, by understanding the companionship of these writers, the reader can better see the influences of the people around them. Often whether intended or unintended, details related to these topics, are placed in the books, often allowing comparisons between the author s writing and lifeRead MoreEssay on Gothic Fiction2923 Words   |  12 Pagesaccording to Punter. From your reading of Frankenstein and Dracula how far would you agree with Punters interpretation. Gothic fiction is erotic at the root according to Punter. From your reading of Frankenstein and Dracula how far would you agree with Punters interpretation. In your essay you should consider: - · The authors portrayal of eroticism and sexuality (in all its forms) through characters. - · Relevant social/cultural concerns during the period the novels were

The Effects of Catholicism on the Education of Women in...

The Effects of Catholicism on the Education of Women in Renaissance Italy According to Paul Grendler, the conservative, clerical pedagogical theorist Silvio Antoniano (1540-1603) reflected on women’s educational status in Renaissance Italy in one of his written works, claiming that â€Å"†¦a girl (should not) learn ‘pleading and writing poetry’; the vain sex must not reach too high†¦A girl should attend to sewing, cooking, and other female activities, leaving to men what was theirs†. Apparently, this was the common-held view concerning women’s education during that time. Although women were actually encouraged to literacy, their subservient social role as wives and mothers could not allow them to learn as much as men did (Grendler, 1989).†¦show more content†¦Thus, we see that in a sense, Catholicism acted as a catalyst in the development of female education. Paradoxically enough though, at the same time, it limited the possible level of knowledge they could attain. The thought of the supposedly foolish, sinful female sex breaking the bonds of ignorance made many people fear the possibility of women reading â€Å"forbidden† books. Dante’s â€Å"La vita nuova†, the Petrarchan sonnets and the â€Å"Decameron† are a few examples of books that were considered lasciviously dangerous and kept off-limits (Grendler, 1989). Indeed, women could be educated, yet within a certain framework. Their level of knowledge only went up to a point, in order to make sure they grew up to be exemplary, pious, Christian housewives. In this paper I will discuss the popular views concerning women’s nature and status in society and how this affected their education. I will mention what women learned and how; what kinds of institutions were accessible to what types of women. Men’s education will be briefly mentioned in places. My main concern though, is not education in general. Through this paper I shall attempt to explain how Catholicism made it easier for women to a cquire an education, but at the same time present the restrictions it imposed upon them. ContemporaryShow MoreRelatedItalian American Cultural Values Based Off Hofstede s Value Orientation1856 Words   |  8 Pagesnumber of Italian immigrants increased rapidly throughout the nation. From 1880-1924, more than 4 million Italians immigrated to America (Will, n.d.). These immigrants, mainly artisans and peasants, represented all regions of Italy, but most of them came from the Southern Italy. We have conducted some research and an interview about the history of the Italian immigration; their cultural values based off Hofstede’s value orientation; what shapes the identity of Italian Americans; the verbal and nonverbalRead MoreEssay on How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization1804 Words   |  8 Pagesfaultless structure for the author’s fine explanation of the several ways in which the Catholic belief formed what we call Western Civilization. The author establishes that the West is progressively more spread throughout the world as the product of Catholicism and believing Catholics. In the present day, there are increasing signs that the Europe defined by the author which established out of brutal communities mainly by English and Irish monks, was continued by Benedictine religious foundation in theRead MoreItaly - Research Paper10557 Words   |  43 PagesGeographically, Italy is comprised of a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, as well as two large islands. The shape of Italy has been depicted as a ‘boot’ in many cartoons and drawings for years. The country covers over 116,000 square miles, making it approximately the combined size of Florida and Georgia. (Killinger, 2002) Italy is a democratic republic that has a current population of around 60 million people, making it the twenty-third most populous country in the world. Italy is a foundingRead MoreHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING5706 W ords   |  23 Pagescarried out to accommodate the gods and appease the spirits of the dead. Little information on specific nursing practices is available; however, nurses were used by kings and aristocrats to deliver babies, care for the young, the elderly, and ill. Women were hired by privileged families to care for the sick and to assist with childbirth Palestinians Under the leadership of Moses, the Hebrews that settled in Palestine developed a system of laws called the Mosaic Code, which was one of the first organizedRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pageslanguages * Complex political order and power 6. Evidence proves that the Mesopotamians * Traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, India 7. Major effect of Neolithic Revolution * The establishment of sedentary village communities 8. Conditions for women in Mesopotamia * Grew increasingly worse over time 9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible by * Rise in agriculturalRead MoreThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 PagesFilipino identity mostly through the Religious Architecture. As what the world knows, Philippines is the only Catholic country in Southeast Asia; thus, most of our structures all over the archipelago were Catholic Churches due to the influence of Catholicism. Filipino Identity was basically patterned from the Spanish; the way the Filipinos think of standards, the way Filipinos design, and the way Filipinos appreciate things. It can always be reflected on the buildings and houses that Spanish ColonizationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael

Accounting Practices for Summarizing - Verifying and Measuring

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Practices for Summarizing, Verifying and Measuring. Answer: Introduction The core purpose of this report is understanding the meaning of accounting, importance of accounting in our day to day practices. The impact of guidelines and principals involved in accounting and the effect of employing new conceptual framework. The project also elaborates the outcomes when installation of new accounting strategies has failed. We will start by defining what is accounting, accounting is a systematic process of identifying, classifying, recording, summarizing, verifying, measuring, communicating and interpreting financial information. It reveals the value and nature, profit and loss for a given period of a firms liabilities, assets and owners equity and also provision of information on the means employed to finance resources, resources available in a firm and the results achieved through their use. Effective accounting always relies on well set accounting standard and principals for competent and reliable financial statements. Over the past year, there is a significant transformation on financial landscape. Some of bookkeeping procedures required in control of productive money related articulations have a tendency to come up short prompting a few misfortunes and chapter 11 in many firms (Nicolaou, 2000). A few endeavors to realize radical change through the presentation of a calculated system have bombed in Australia which acquires Australian bookkeeping models board to give insightful choices and means in which to control misfortunes which may have a tendency to develop because of disappointment in adaption of the new changes. Australian accounting board plays a major role accounting practices as accounting got a major impact on matters of economic growth and development. The board brings in accounting strategies by allowing accountants to use the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in order to direct them in reporting and recording financial information. In bookkeeping, GAAP contains a wide arrangement of rule that have been enhanced by the securities and trade commission and bookkeeping calling. The present arrangement of rule that is utilized by bookkeepers rests upon some hidden suspicions. The fundamental standards and presumptions are for the most part considered and connected to most monetary proclamations. A calculated system is utilized for monetary element supposition whereby money related records must be independently protected for each financial substance (Barth et al, 2008). Monetary element includes governments, organizations, places of worship, school locale and other social associations. Each financial event must be connected with and recorded by a specific component regardless of the way that accounting information from an extensive variety of components may be joined for cash related enumerating purposes. On expansion to this, liabilities of the proprietors and individual resources ought not be incorporated into the business record. Presumption of money related unit as additionally a reasonable system as in each financial element's bookkeeping records just incorporate quantifiable exchanges. Contracting another CEO or presenting another item are the sure occasions that influence an organization and they can't be effortlessly measured in money related units in this manner having no compelling reason to influence them to show up in the organization's bookkeeping records (Oldroyd and Dobie, 2009). All things considered, bookkeeping articulations must be recorded utilizing a steady cash. Likewise, the full exposure rule is additionally vital whereby data about an organization's past execution is typically given by monetary explanations. Be that as it may, pending inadequate exchanges, claims or different conditions may have a tendency to have critical and up and coming impacts on the organization's money related status. Revelation of such data ought to be incorporated into monetary proclamations as it is a necessity for the full divulgence rule. Having money related proclamations been supplemented by the references so as to portray the strategies the organization uses to report and record business exchanges and furthermore to pass on this data. Simulated eras must be utilized to report the consequences of business movement as most organizations exist for drawn out stretches of time in this way having era suspicions. Depending on the sort of report, the span time frame might be a day, a month, a year, or another subjective period (Oldroyd and Dobie, 2009). An inquiry regarding when certain exchanges ought to be recorded develops when manufactured length periods is utilized, for instance, in what capacity should a bookkeeper report the cost of gear anticipated that would most recent five years? This may influence the organization to appear to be unfruitful that year and absurdly gainful in resulting a very long time because of announcing the whole cost amid the time of procurement. We watch that bookkeepers utilize GAAP to record and report that bookkeeping period's exchanges once the day and age has been built up. Collection premise bookkeeping is additionally critical with regards to bookkeeping theoretical structures as by and large GAAP requires the utilization gathering premise bookkeeping as opposed to money premise bookkeeping. Cost standards, coordinating and income acknowledgment is the thing that accumulation premise bookkeeping clings to including the monetary parts of each financial occasion in the bookkeeping time frame in which it happens, regardless of when the money changes the hands. At the point when the organization gets money or its equal is when income are perceived and costs are perceived just when the organization pays with money or its identical under money premise bookkeeping (Soll, 2014). Administration fruition or item conveyance is the thing that decides income profit and acknowledgments with no respect to the planning of income. Accept that a particular firm demands six hundred preservationist hovers from a distributer in February, gets them in walk, and pays for th em in April the distributer will see the business wage in walk when movement happens, not in February when bargain is struck or in April when the money is gotten. Thusly, if a lawyer gets some cash retainer from a customer, the lawyer does not perceive the cash as income until the point when one really plays out some cash in administrations for the customer. At times in accounting, the calculated structure coordinating standard is likewise imperative as the cost of cooperating are recorded in an unclear period from they help to make. Cases of such expenses incorporate the cost of products sold, supplies utilized, pay rates and commissions earned, gauges for potential guarantee take a shot at the stock sold and protection premiums. Considering the distributer who conveyed six hundred CDs to a store in walk these CDs changes from being an advantage (stock) to a (cost of merchandise sold) with the goal that the benefit from the deal can be resolved when the income is perceived (DRURY, 2013). Cost rule is moreover basic having assets recorded at cost which is proportionate to the regard exchanged at the period of their acquirement. Regardless of the possibility that benefits, for example, structures or land acknowledge in an incentive after some time they are not revalued for money related revealing purposes. As indicated by the going concern rule monetary explanations are set up under the doubts that the association will remain in business inconclusively in this manner obligation does not should be paid off before development and resources don't should be sold at flame deal esteems. This rule prompts characterization of liabilities and resources as long haul and here and now (current). Resources in the long haul are required to be held for a long time while long haul liabilities are not due for over one year. Consistency, dependability and significance are likewise critical in bookkeeping with respect to a valuable monetary data must be solid, important and arranged in a steady way (Wstemann and Wstemann, 2010). For a leader to comprehend an organization's past execution, display execution and future standpoint so educated choices can be made in an auspicious way. Requiring that the data be introduced uninterested organizations varies data needs of individual clients. Looking at inner cl ients and outside clients, inward clients needs more point by point data than outer clients, who may need to know just the organization's esteem or its capacity to reimburse advances. Solid data is objective and undeniable. Reliable data is readied utilizing similar strategies each bookkeeping period, which enables significant correlations with be made between various bookkeeping periods between the budgetary proclamations of various organizations that utilization similar techniques (Wang, 2010). Rule of conservatism where bookkeepers are required to utilize their judgment to record exchanges that require estimation. Cases of things that require estimation is for a situation where the amount of years the rigging will remain helpful and the fragment of records receivable that will never be paid. With regards to detailing budgetary information, guideline of conservatism involves that when two assessments are judged to be similarly likely it is required that the less hopeful gauge be picked (Fan and Zhang, 2012). Materiality standard is the thing that bookkeepers take after which communicates that the necessities of any accounting rule may be neglected when there is no effect on the customers of financial information. In any organization's bookkeeping division following individual paper clasps or bits of paper is unimportant and unnecessarily troublesome. The bookkeeper's judgment on such issues must be sound despite the fact that there is no conclusive measure of materiality. Advancement of a fantastic budgetary revealing structure a top notch bookkeeping benchmarks are exceptionally pivotal. On account of fluctuating needs of customers for whom the cash related information is prepared assorted accounting traditions have made far and wide. In various countries the prerequisites of obligation specialists or central coordinators have been the mind-boggling sway while in a couple of countries accounting standards have been molded principally by the necessities of private loan bosses (Pandeloglo u et al, 2009). Australian bookkeeping measures acquires a system for announcing trying to convey steady, straightforward, applicable, similar and dependable money related data. Building up and keeping up fantastic bookkeeping principles are basic in Australia so as to give superb data to encourage educated venture choices through control of capital markets. Bookkeeping changes are extremely pivotal as they point on making bookkeeping to be compelling along these lines introducing brilliant bookkeeping guidelines comprising of an extensive arrangement of unbiased standards requiring solid, similar, applicable and unsurprising information that is significant for money related experts, credit supervisors and banks, and other individuals who settle on capital task decisions. Decisions about the task of capital depend seriously on substantial and sensible cash related information where first rate accounting rules are basic to the capable operation of market economy (Oldroyd and Dobie, 2009). It may be difficult to reveal to examiners the precision of the two courses of action of fiscal clarifications if through and through extraordinary working results, cash related positions or pay groupings are represented under different measures for a comparable period in light of the fact that of guarantors getting ready budgetary articulations utilizin g more than one game plan of accounting rules. Where the refinements include how one approach cloak poor budgetary execution, require pf advantage, or disintegrating asset quality request with respect to the acceptability of a substance's fiscal reporting are presumably going to rise. In the occasion that arranging of various plans of cash related information was not required, the efficiency of cross-periphery postings would be extended for underwriters. Nevertheless, as to the financial condition and working execution of potential speculations the effectiveness of capital distribution by financial specialists would be decreased without important, dependable, tantamount and predictable data (Nicolaou, 2000). In this way, having consistency with speculator security command increasement of effectiveness of cross-periphery capital streams by hoping to have high trustworthy, quality information provided for capital markets individuals. Reasonable bookkeeping methods leads responsible money related articulation in this manner a successful bookkeeping may well be accomplished by changing from customary methods for bookkeeping business operations in this manner utilizing bookkeeping programming moving to an automated bookkeeping (Deegan, 2012). A portion of the benefits of utilizing mechanized bookkeeping programming includes mechanization as all computation of money related explanations are dealt with by the product. Mechanized bookkeeping has a tendency to get rid of tedious procedures related with manual bookkeeping and furthermore takes out a significant number of the commonplace. For instance, sales are taken care of normally making accounting less repetitive. Precision is moreover use as accounting structures are planned to be exact to the minutest detail once the data is gone into the system all checks including increments and subtractions are done normally by programming. Dependability is additionally a signif icance as the money related proclamations arranged by PCs are profoundly solid because of exactness with regards to estimations. We likewise have versatile whereby, at the point when your association builds up, the measure of accounting fundamental additions and ends up being more personality boggling. Separating through data using writing computer programs is less requesting than sifting through a heap of papers as with modernized accounting everything is kept clear (Deegan, 2012). In issues of speed utilizing bookkeeping programming it makes the whole procedure of getting ready records to wind up plainly speedier whereby a tick of a catch creates proclamations and reports. At the point when chiefs need a vital report they don't have to sit tight for quite a long time or even days as it is only a work of catches. In conclusion, accounting is very crucial in economic growth and development enhancing introduction of new accounting standards for reliable and consistent accounting practices. Wise decision makings and strategies is the new change that should always be employed in the field of accounting and should be accepted by individuals and firms as accounting is the backbone of Australian economy in financial matters. References Nicolaou, A.I., 2000. A contingency model of perceived effectiveness in accounting information systems: Organizational coordination and control effects.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,1(2), pp.91-105. Barth, M.E., Landsman, W.R. and Lang, M.H., 2008. International accounting standards and accounting quality.Journal of accounting research,46(3), pp.467-498. Oldroyd, D. and Dobie, A., 2009. Bookkeeping.The Routledge companion to accounting history, pp.95-119. Soll, J., 2014.The reckoning: Financial accountability and the rise and fall of nations. Basic Books (AZ). DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Wstemann, J. and Wstemann, S., 2010. Why Consistency of Accounting Standards Matters: A Contribution to the Rules?Versus?Principles Debate in Financial Reporting.Abacus,46(1), pp.1-27. Wang, S., 2010, May. A comprehensive survey of data mining-based accounting-fraud detection research. InIntelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), 2010 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 50-53). IEEE. Fan, Q. and Zhang, X.J., 2012. Accounting conservatism, aggregation, and information quality.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(1), pp.38-56. Pandeloglou, M., Pelettier, R. and Australia. Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. National Training Directions Group (DEEWR); Spectrum Education and Training Centre (Australia), 2009. An introduction to Australian bookkeeping practices. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia.

What instruments of direct democracy exist in cont Essays

What instruments of direct democracy exist in contemporary democracies? Do they constitute meaningful alternatives to representative democracy? When considering the history of democracy, Ancient Athens is perhaps the culture that came closest to direct democracy. Although they excluded women, slaves and foreigners, the democratic system required all citizens to vote on all major issues in a general assembly. The boule consisted of 500 citizens commissioned to carry out these decisions and run the city. Even the verdict of every court case was decided by a vote of the Assembly. With this system , all citizens were actively and constantly involved in the running of all political life. Since the French R r evolution , the representative democracy has spread in throughout most parts of the world. They These governments consist out of complex structures , where in which the legislature is carried out by a parliament. With the influence of media and the overall advancement of technology , such as the I i nternet, the voting behaviour of citizens in contemporary democracies has changed caused many a lot transnational bodies , such as the EU , to question now even the sovereignty of each country and its chosen representatives. It needs to be analysed As a result, one could ask what structures of direct democracies can exist in such a time where the conditions have changed drastically since old Athens ? . Furthermore, D d o they constitute meaningful alternatives to representative democracy? For this investigation , a line needs to be drawn between the different types of instruments of used by direct democracies that are used . In the first part , I will focus on instruments of direct democracies that influence the executive branch. In the second part , I will focus on instruments of direct democracies that influence the legislative branch, mostly carried out by referendums. Hereby I Within this study, I will als o distinguish between decision promoting, decision controlling and imposed referendums by a government. It follows that the Notably, people have an enhanced influence on the decision making process when they get the opportunity to be directly involved . This is particularly true in the process of choosing representatives and thus controlling the executive. For example , in primary elections in the United States of America , a voter can select directly the candidate for the HYPERLINK "http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/pres1.htm" presidential nomination of from the two major parties . With this , mean the system allows a broader participation of voters to express their views on who should represent the party at the next election , as since in most primaries you do not have to be a party member to vote in most primaries . In the current electoral law of many many European parlamentaristic democracies , citizens do not vote for specific candidates, but rather they vote for parties that have a fixed numbered list of pertaining to their candidates. The more votes the party receives, the more candidates are elected. This already ordered list of candidates separates citizens from the political decision-making and the direct choice of representatives , who carry out the executive . To implement direct control of the people over the party constellations , the Italian Five Star movement party and the German Pirate Party employed online primaries that allow citizens to choose the list of candidates by themselves. The names that appear in on the lists on the ballot papers are decided via online polls ( parlamentarie ) , in which the members of the movement can vote for those who have put themselves forward as potential candidates. Another very important factor of direct democracy is the involvement of the people in the legislature itself. This is commonly achieved in form of : Participation in the process of law development , a vote by the citizens to promote their own decisions by initiating a new proposal, controlling the decision of the parliament in which case the citizen performs the role of a veto player, a referendum organized by the government to consult the citizens for their opinion about specific topics. Such a referendum can be optional or constitutionally required . Between the four different possibilities of referendums , it is

A Historic vs. An Historic

A Historic vs. An Historic A Historic vs. An Historic A Historic vs. An Historic By Maeve Maddox My post A Useful Reminder About ‘An’ prompted an outpouring of emails asking, â€Å"How about an history or an historic?† Some points of English usage stir strong feelings. Placing the indefinite article â€Å"an† in front of the words historical or historic is one of these. Here are some comments prompted by a post I wrote on this topic several years ago: When people use â€Å"an historical† on NPR, it’s because [they’re] snooty. Only a Cockney or an hidiot [would say] â€Å"an historic.† [People who defend â€Å"an historic†] are pseudo-intellectual, American linguistic â€Å"posers.† For certain Americans, it’s all about self-consciously pompous affectation! I  would never ever use â€Å"an† in front of any word with an aspirate H at the beginning. That just isn’t what it’s for, and it sounds pretentious. The simple facts about the use of â€Å"an historical† and â€Å"an historic† are these: 1. Style guides like The Chicago Manual of Style, The AP Stylebook, and The Penguin Writer’s Manual regard the following as correct in modern usage: â€Å"a historical event† â€Å"a historic event.† 2. Many speakers still say and write â€Å"an historical†Ã¢â‚¬â€œand they do so with no intention of sounding affected, pompous, or pretentious. Pronunciation changes from generation to generation, but never in one fell swoop. Pockets of older forms continue to exist even after the majority of speakers have made the switch and authorities have recorded the new rules. The Google Ngram Viewer provides an interesting look at the progress of â€Å"an historic† vs â€Å"a historic.† In 1800, â€Å"a historic† barely shows. It begins its rise in the 1820s. In 1869, â€Å"a historic† is neck and neck with â€Å"an historic.† The two travel along fairly close together until the First World War when â€Å"an historic† pulls ahead and dominates until 1938. After that, â€Å"a historic† becomes the clear winner, although â€Å"an historic† and â€Å"an historical† remain in use. Here are two recent examples of the use of â€Å"an historical† in the context of educated English: Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period.  (Note on the New York University library site.) The Making of Southern Europe: An Historical Overview (title of a recent publication of the London School of Economics) Clearly, modern usage prefers â€Å"a historic† and â€Å"a historical,† as well as a before other â€Å"h words† that readers asked about: â€Å"a hotel,† â€Å"a horrible accident,† and â€Å"a horrific statistic.† The word herb (succulent plant used for seasoning) is pronounced both with and without an aspirated h. â€Å"A herb† is modern British pronunciation, although British author Edith Nesbit (1858-1924) wrote â€Å"an herb† in one of her novels. Many Americans–although by no means all–say â€Å"an erb† and write â€Å"an herb.† Unquestionably, accepted current practice is to use the indefinite article a in front of all but a very few words that begin with the letter h. The most common exceptions are: an heir to the throne an honorable man an honest man an hour or two Speakers who say â€Å"an historic† are not necessarily being â€Å"pretentious or snooty.† It could be that they learned the usage from family members and teachers educated in earlier generations. Follow the style guide of your choice. Save your linguistic wrath for things like, â€Å"Me and my brother graduated from Georgetown.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 1015 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Harvard Referencing †Citing a Journal Article

Harvard Referencing – Citing a Journal Article Harvard Referencing – Citing a Journal Article The â€Å"Harvard† referencing system – actually a generic term for author-date referencing – is used around the world for citing sources in written work. As such, every college student should know the basics of the Harvard system. In this post, we go over how to cite a journal article using Harvard referencing. However, it’s worth remembering that many institutions have their own in-house versions of this system, so you should always check your style guide before setting to work on a paper! In-Text Citations As the term â€Å"author-date† implies, Harvard citations include the surname of the author and date of publication: Rational reflection need not compromise the status of something as a mystery (Boyer, 2007). If the author is already named in the text, only the year of publication needs to be given: According to Boyer (2007), there are five kinds of mystery. A sixth type of mystery can be found in the mystery spot. [Photo: Sanjay ach]In citations, you also need to give  relevant page numbers when quoting a source directly: Boyer (2007, p. 89) focuses on the metaphysics of how we experience mystery. Multiple Authors When  citing a work with three or more authors, only name the first listed author, followed by â€Å"et al.† (meaning â€Å"and others†). An article by Mark Pagani, Ken Caldeira, and David Archer, for instance, would be cited as: The source of this carbon remains mysterious (Pagani et al., 2006). Reference List All sources cited in your work should be listed in a reference list at the end of your document. This is where you provide full publication information for your reader, with sources listed alphabetically by author surname. For a journal article, the detail required is: Author Surname(s), Initial(s). (Year) Article Title, Full Title of Journal, Volume Number, Issue/Part Number, Page Numbers. The Boyer article used in the example above would therefore appear in a reference list as: Boyer, S. D. (2007). The Logic of Mystery, Religious Studies, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 89-102. If you’re citing an online version of a journal article, make sure to provide a URL or DOI too, along with a date of last access: Pagani, M., Caldeira, K., and Archer, D. (2006) An Ancient Carbon Mystery, Science, vol. 314, no. 5805, pp. 1556-7. [Online]. Available at jstor.org/stable/20032976 [Accessed 30 March 2016].

La-Z-Boy Incorporated India and Philippines Subsidiaries Essay

La-Z-Boy Incorporated India and Philippines Subsidiaries - Essay Example The company’s economic outlook is expected to increase in FY2012. Globalization has made La-Z-Boy’s transition in India seamless. India’s sophisticated banking system attracts profitable organizations like La-Z-Boy towards India. La-Z-Boy has strengthened India’s economy by employing local workforce. La-Z-Boy’s business in India can be more beneficial with due assistance of the Association of Furniture Manufactures and Traders (AFMT). In order to escape risks while working in India, it is recommendable for La-Z-Boy to be well-aware of the various languages, business etiquettes, norms and religious values in India. Mumbai is the most suitable city for La-Z-Boy to establish business in India because of its cultural richness, population and good environment. USA and Philippines are trading partners and USA is a very strong financial provider of Philippines. Since Philippines resembles USA in culture, La-Z-Boy’s working style is consistent with t he indigenous culture of Philippines, though the organization may have to tackle the risk of investment in

BUS205-Introduction to Aspects of Business Law Essay

BUS205-Introduction to Aspects of Business Law - Essay Example Rights against Costumes R Us English National Operetta Company (ENOC) entered into a contract with Costumes R Us for the purchase of theater costumes. The contracts of sale are governed by Sale of Goods Act, 1979 which defines a contract of sale in s.2 (1) as: ‘a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer ownership in goods to the buyer in return for a money consideration called the price.’ In the given case, Costumes R Us agreed to manufacture and deliver theater costumes to ENOC and ENOC agreed to pay ?5,000 in return. The agreement was made on 1st May 2010. This is an agreement to sell. It pertains to future goods which would be delivered on 1st September 2010. But before Costumes R Us could begin the manufacturing process for the agreement, on 1st June 2010, a fire broke out due to a fault of some children and burnt down their premises. They could not manufacture the costumes and hence could not deliver them to ENOC. ENOC has threatened to sue Costum es R Us for damages. Costumes R Us could not perform their promise. ENOC had to purchase the same quantity of costumes from Theatre Togs Ltd at a cost of ?6,000. ENOC is looking to recover their resulting loss in the form of damages from them by suing them for breach of contract. Costumes R Us would look to defend by pleading on the basis of Doctrine of Frustration. ... The happening event must have been outside the contemplation of the parties at the time they entered into the agreement. Where the parties have foreseen the likelihood of such an event arising and have made express provision for it in the contract the doctrine of frustration will not apply; and iii. The frustrating event was not self induced. In other words, the frustrating event must not have been the fault of, or due to the actions of, either of the contracting parties. In the given case, on June 1st 2010, the fire accident rendered it impossible for Costumes R Us to manufacture the costumes. The event is a frustrating event. On May 1st 2010, the time of making of the agreement, this event could not have been foreseen as it is not normal that the whole premises of a business are burned down due to an outbreak of fire. According to the given facts, the fire was caused by some children who were playing with matches near the premises. Therefore, the fire was not caused due to negligen ce or a fault by either of the parties. On the other hand, the breakout of fire occurred before the stipulated time of delivery i.e. 1st September 2010. If three months were sufficient for Costumes R Us to recover from the accident and perform their promise of making the costumes and delivering them, the Doctrine of Frustration would not be applicable. The subject matter of this contract is not of existing goods. It pertains to future goods which would be manufactured by Costumes R Us in the future. The fire could not have destroyed the subject matter of the contract. But it can be assumed that the machinery required to process the material was destroyed so the subject matter could not have been brought into existence. The courts would discharge both the parties from the contract by the

Educational psychology Essay Example for Free

Educational psychology Essay 1. Understand the principles and requirements of assessment. 1. 1. Explain the function of assessment in learning and development. Lambert and Lines (2000) define assessment as â€Å"the process of gathering, interpreting, recording, and using information about pupils’ responses to educational tasks. † While this is an acceptable definition of assessment (as regards an educational definition), Graham Butt (Into Teaching: Part 2) expands on this definition by proposing that assessment has four main roles within teaching and learning. Firstly, it provides feedback to teachers and students about each child’s progress in order to shape their future learning (a formative role). This is very similar to the diagnostic role of assessment in pin-pointing the precise cause of a child’s difficulty. The second role of assessment is that it provides information about the level of students’ achievements at a particular point, for example at the end of a school year or at the end of a Key Stage (a summative role). The third role of assessment is as a tool by which selection by qualification can be achieved (a certification role). Finally, assessment helps people to judge the effectiveness of the education system as a while (an evaluation role). Prior to the work of Black and Wiliam (1998) very little was known about the formative role of assessment within teaching and learning, and it was clear that by 1997 the assessment emphasis within England and Wales was clearly focused on the function of assessment in learning and development is primarily to provide a measurable barometer for the students’ progress. see more:explain the importance of gaining consent when providing care or support The key to effective practice is to be able to work out what a child’s specific needs are at one time, and to find ways of creating opportunities for them to succeed (Moyles and Robinson, 2002:281). Assessment is carried out through formative (checks throughout the course), impassive (to test against previous marks), and/ or summative (at end of course) activities to help the learner see their development whilst allowing the Assessor to give valuable feedback when appropriate. Its purpose is to measure the learners understanding of the subject against the anticipated outcomes set by the criteria. For example, assessment provides clear measurement and recording of achievement during a course that provides identification of individual achievement or learners’ needs. I have found that by creating quizzes on socrative. com and/ or google forms that I can capture formative evidence of learners understanding of a task prior to the assessment deadline so I can intervene to give extra help. It is widely recognized that the form and content of student assessment strongly influence students’ attitudes to study and quality of learning (Ramsden, 1997; Shepard, 2000). The learner’s development is typically measured using formative or summative assessment that meets criteria in a fit-for-purpose Assignment and consequently reflects the required standards and performance/ assessment criteria in any given course. The purpose is to monitor development via evidence that can be quantified and used as performance review/ targets/ benchmarking throughout a course. From an Assessors point of view it is essential to ensure that assessment decisions are consistently reviewed and internally/externally verified where possible so as to contribute to the awarding institutions quality assurance and on-going development of best practice. 1. 2. Define the key concepts and principles of assessment. Principles are rules and functions of assessment which are based upon the concepts. (Gravells A. 2011, Principles and practice of assessment in Life Long Learning Sector). The key concepts and principles of assessments include: Continuing professional development At all times maintaining currency of knowledge and competency to ensure assessment practice is up to date. Equality and Diversity- all assessment activities embrace equality, inclusivity, and diversity and respect all aspects of society. Ethics: ensuring the assessment process is honest and moral, and takes into account confidentiality and integrity. Fairness –activities should be fit for purpose, and planning, decisions and feedback justifiable. Health Safety- ensuring these are taken into account throughout the full assessment process, carrying out risk assessments as necessary. Assessment methods must be suitable for the candidate’s needs. For example, a learner must have an option for an alternative whereby a mental or physical threat to their well-being could be presented by the assessment. Motivation- encouraging and supporting my learners to reach their full potential at an appropriate level. Quality assurance- this is an integrated process ensuring assessment decisions meet the qualification standards, and assessors are carrying out their role correctly. Record Keeping- ensures accurate records are maintained throughout the learning and assessment process, communicating with others for example and awarding organisation. SMART- ensuring all assessment activities are specific, measurable, achievable, time bound and realistic Standardisation- ensuring the assessment requirements are interpreted accurately and that all assessors are making comparable and consistent decisions. Reliability – The assessment decisions must be by an assessor with competence in the discipline the work relates to so as to ensure a judgment that is informed by a professional perspective. Risk assessments of locations my media student’s film in serve both to extend the learners understanding of health and safety whilst helping them help me make our learning space everyone’s responsibility. VACSR- is another important principle ensuring all assessed work is Valid: all the work is relevant to the assessment criteria. Decisions must be justified with clear referencing of assessment criteria stated by the examining body. Another Lecturer should be able to award the same grade for the piece of work as the same standardisation method is the barometer NOT the opinion of the assessor. Authentic: the work has been produced solely by the learner. Current: the work is still relevant at the time of assessment. Sufficient: the work covers all the assessment criteria. Reliable: the work is consistent across all learners, over time and at the required level. (Gravells A. 2011, Principles and practice of assessment in Life Long Learning Sector). All the subjects (theory or practical) the assessment is carried on the basis of assessment cycle. http://www. gillpayne. com/2014/01/guide-understanding-the-training-cycle/ Purpose. The aim, reason, and purpose of assessment is to help the learner track their progress, provide feedback, and inspire them to achieve. The trainer gains evidence of learning from assessment which can in turn be measured clearly against a criteria. This continuous assessment learning/ training cycle is designed to recognise prior learning and improve it with each assessment. The assessor grades the work so the trainer (if someone different from the assessor) can see the distance travelled on the course when compared to grades throughout the programme. The organisation can use this quantitative data to track a class, department, and/ or, entire organisations performance in relation to peer organisations so employers can often assess their own staff’s performance. COGNITIVE The cognitive domain relates to the more traditionalist assumptions of academic/ intellectual learning. In this domain Bandler and Grinder counted ‘knowledge, comprehension/ understanding’ as well as ‘application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation’. Cognitive assessment should focus on the application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation rather than towards only the acquisition of knowledge and understanding. To this end any theory in lectures must be made applicable in a video/ practical task that puts in to practice the idea/ terminology/ argument we have discussed – which in turn serves to consolidate and validate the learning. This domain relates to objectives concerned with knowledge and intellectual skills and there are six categories which can be used in lecturers: Knowledge: Asking learners to recall specific and general items of information (e. g. media terminology) and also information about methods (‘how do you add this effect? ’), processes and patterns (using software such as Photoshop). Comprehension: Encouraging recognition of items of information settings similar to but different from those in which they were first encountered e. g. relating theories and debates to contemporary issues such as Laura Mulvey’s Feminist theory of female objectification in mainstream cinema. Application: I actively build my learners understanding of our culture so they can explain previously unseen data or events by applying knowledge from other situations e. g. using simile, analogy, and metaphor in my verbal explanation/ articulation of concepts during lectures so they will do the same in their work. Analysis: Learners are presented with problems to break down the blocks of information into elements for the purpose of clarification. This can be in the form of a provocative discussion, essay question that asks them to show comprehension of ideas in a structured essay with a clear conclusion. Synthesis: Learners are constantly asked to combine elements to form coherent units of information in their responses whether it be a Vlog, Podcast, or Written piece for Assessment. Evaluation: Throughout Assessments the learners are asked to make judgements about the value of information, materials, or methods for given purposes. This is a common feature of each Edexcel Units as it demands reflection and growth on the part of the learner. AFFECTIVE The affective domain for Bandler and Grinder includes objectives which describe changes in interest, attitudes and values, and the development of appreciations. There are different levels of understanding: According to the theory the lowest level is where the learner is merely aware of the fact that other people have particular attitudes and values. As a learner progresses on our courses it is essential to develop this through their personal experience so they slowly develop affective ideas which are uniquely their own. While some values are indoctrinated – respect for others’ rights, honesty, media law, understanding of morals/ ethics, the key is to enable the learner to come to this plane of understanding through a process of development and clarification in lectures. The Affective domain for Bandler and Grinder relates to objectives concerned with interest, attitudes, and values. The five levels of the affective domain from the simplest to the most complex are as follows: Receiving: Sensitivity to certain stimuli and a willingness to receive or attend to them e. g.students receiving information from Lecturers about Media issues. Responding: Involvement in a subject or activity or event to the extent of seeking it out, working with it or engaging in it eg Twitter debates about contemporary issues such as engaging in discussion about the Woolwich attacks in 2013 using the hashtag #bcotterror Valuing: Commitment to or conviction in certain goals, ideas, or beliefs e. g. constructing and arguing a point in an Assignment such as an essay in which the learner shows the pros and cons of existing theorists’ approaches to their Assignment subject. Organisation: Organisation of values into a system, awareness of relevance of and relations between appropriate values and the establishment of dominant personal values e. g. constructing an essay that demonstrates structure and engaging with complex levels of conjecture, statement, and fact with objective, rigorous, scholarly approaches to balance in their argument beyond opinion. Characterisation by a Value Complex: Integration of beliefs, ideas, and attitudes into a total philosophy of world view e. g.  a learner composing a project based on their own interests/ perspective informed by values acquired on course. PSYCHOMOTOR This is largely defined as Physical and Motor skills. We work to develop key social and employability skills through what Bandler and Grinder categorise in to define as 6 categories: ‘Reflex Movements’ are developed with the use of equipment such as cameras and complex editing software to develop the involuntary motor responses to stimuli which in turn form the basis for all behaviour involving any movement. ‘Basic Fundamental Movements’ are developed by doing this as movements of using lighting, microphones, cameras etc. involve movement patterns which help the learner become more ambulatory. ‘Perceptual Abilities’ are tied in to this as they help learners to interpret stimuli so that they can develop their perception of visual and auditory risks, hazards, logistics to adjust to their environment and demonstrate coordinated abilities of eye and hand, eye and foot. Similarly the ‘Physical abilities’ of the learner are utilised and developed in our practical tasks as they are essential to efficient motor activity. Due to the nature of a Creative Media professional the vigour of the person is tested by activities designed to measure the individual and how they meet the demands placed upon him or her in and by the environment. ‘Skilled Movements’ are a necessity in terms of storyboarding, engaging with complex editing software, and other tasks which ask the learner to efficiently perform complex movements. The learning targets are negotiated after gathering diagnostic information from the learner to gauge the potential/ possibility e. g.  all skilled movement activities are based upon some adaptation of the inherent patterns of movement described in the ‘Physical Abilities’ demonstrated by the learner. ‘Non-Discursive Communication’ manifests itself relatively organically in our subject through interviews, debates, video-logs, discussions, podcasts, and any other form of media that captures a range of evidence of the developing communication skills from facial expressions to highly sophisticated choreography/ directing/ blocking of entire sets. [Source: Planning for Pre-Service Primary Teachers Prof Experience Unit, face of Education, QUT, Qld, 1998 (pp11-13)].

Eugenics in America Essay -- Sociology Essays Research Papers

Eugenics in America Eugenics profoundly impacted the culture of the twentieth century. Coined in 1893 by Sir Francis Galton, it studied the heredity and selection of favorable traits. Born out of the social tumults of the late nineteenth century, it represented the Western elite’s attempt to protect itself from so called â€Å"inferior† cultures of the colonies and â€Å"new wave† immigration. The late eighteenth century was a turbulent time throughout America. An influx of immigrants packed into massive cities such as New York and Chicago. As opposed to previously northern European immigration, a wave of â€Å"new† immigration in the 1890’s brought immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who vastly differed culturally and religiously from their northern European counterparts. Some immigrants brought radical ideologies with them such as Marxism, anarchism, and monarchism, which completely differed from the American ideals of free markets, elections, and democracy. The massive influx of people crowded into sordid city blocks brought a slew of social problems such as alcoholism, poverty, murder, rape, and violence. Coupled with falling birth rates among the elite and rising birth rates among immigrants, Anglo-culture sought out an answer to defend itself against the â€Å"siege† of â€Å"inferior† cultures. The late nineteenth century saw the rise of â€Å"eugenics† throughout academia. Founded by Francis Galton (the word came into existence in 1893), eugenics was the study of the selection of favorable traits in society. Deeply influenced by Darwin, Galton published his first eugenicist tract in 1865 Hereditary Genius, which posited that man’s strength, talent, and skill is passed down genetically fr... ...â€Å"degenerate† or â€Å"inferior.† Popularized in the early twentieth, it manifested itself throughout American culture from textbooks to advertisements for household goods. Eugenics represented American culture’s vain attempt to grapple with non-western European cultures and cope with a quickly evolving social landscape. Bibliography Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Laboratory, http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/ School of Mathematics and Statistics at St. Andrew’s University http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Galton.html Pucker, Johnathan, History in the Influences of Intelligence Theory and Testing http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/galton.html Linden, Jeremy http://students.vassar.edu/jelinden/galton.htm McCleymer, Professor at Assumption College http://www.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/contagion.html

Alexander the Great’s Military Accomplishments Essay

There is only one other man who is written about in at the level of Jesus Christ, his name was Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great is one of the most told about, and written about Kings of the ancient world. Not only was he a vastly loved and appreciated leader to his army but he was a conqueror of much of his known world. His military genius and tactics, even at his young age of attaining the throne from his father Philip II after he was assassinated, were unrivaled resulting in him never to lose a battle. Alexander the Great had no easy time upon his ascent to the throne, the authors said â€Å"He had to put down the revolts that erupted immediately after Philip’s death-notably at Thebes.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90) The dispute in Thebes was settled when Alexander the Great punished them by tearing down their walls. Two years after Alexander had settled all the unrest in his new kingdom he turned his sights on Darius III and his kingdom of Persia. The kingdom of Persia was led by Darius III, the authors state â€Å"Darius III was a minor member of the royal family who had been placed on the throne after a palace coup.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90). Darius had ascended the throne the same year as Alexander but at the much older age of 45 in comparison to Alexander at the age of 20Darius’ first mistake was that he and his advisors refused to take Alexander seriously even though they suffered defeat at the hands of the Greeks in the past. Perhaps it was their sheer numbers that kept the Persians from seeing past their ego’s and not understand the aim of Alexander the Great. Alexander’s conquest began with a victory at Anotlia; this was near the field that the battle of Troy took place at. He continued down the Ionian coastline in more strings of victory leading him to an opportunity that took him a year to get, Darius III. Alexander finally had the opportunity to challenge Darius personally on the river bank near Issus; the authors tell us â€Å"The chosen site†¦favored Alexander’s fast-moving infantry, not the heavy cavalry and chariots of the Persians.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90). The defeat of the Persians was so bad Darius III abandoned both his army and his family, including his mother. Darius’ family was captured by Alexander the Great but was treated with the respect that their standing as a royal family called for. Darius was chased for the remainder of his life by Alexander the Great until his defeat at Gaugamela. After this defeat Darius III was killed by a local chieftain who was trying to win over A lexander’s favor however that backfired worse than the chieftain probably realized it could have, the author states â€Å"Alexander – acting as the new Great King – had the chieftain executed for treason.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90). After that devastating defeat at Illus had completed his tour of conquest in Asia Minor. Syria and Palestine surrendered to the will of Alexander the Great he implemented the same tactics of Cyrus the Great which the authors explain as, â€Å"†¦a policy of offering amnesty to cities that submitted peacefully-but dealing mercilessly with those that resisted.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90). The merciless example was provided at the city of Gaza on the Egyptian border where Alexander killed the men and enslaved the women and children, even going to the extreme of dragging the defeated commanders body through the streets of the freshly sacked fortress. The conquest of Egypt was much easier on Alexander’s army mainly because he was unopposed, the authors even go as far as to state, â€Å"He was welcomed as a liberator: Egypt had been governed as a Persian satrapy since 525 B.C.E.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90). Alexander was actually so welcomed in Egypt he obtained the â€Å"double crown† as it were by being crowned pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt. It was in Egypt where Alexander the Great was proclaimed as the son of Ammon, a god identified with Zeus, and a god himself. It was from here that Egypt was named as the capital in the empire. The authors state, â€Å"†¦it was in Egypt that he would build his shining new city of Alexandria.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 90). Unfortunately he would not live to see the completion of this city, his return to this city was in his sarcophagus. Alexander also pushed deeper into the far reaches of Persia including his defeat of the warlord Porus at the Battle of Hydaspes in what is modern day Pakistan. This was one of his last major battles where the authors state, â€Å"†¦his famous warhorse, Bucephalus, was killed. And it was here Alexander’s exhausted army refused to go on, thousands of miles and eight years from home.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 91). Forced to turn back he headed for the Arabian Sea, when he reached Susa he indicated to combine armies with Persia and have them fight in the hoplite formation. He even arranged a mass marriage with his officers to Persian noblewomen and adopted the dress code of the Persian Empire. Alexander tried to continue his conquest but began to show the signs of malarial fever and diminishing signs of health. The authors however go as far to say I was feasible that, â€Å"†¦he was poisoned; his closest companion, Hephaistion, had died the year before at Ecbatana, leaving Alexander without his most vigilant bodyguard.† (Cole, Symes, Coffin, and Stacey 92). He refused to take the advice of his physician however, so the malarial fever does seem like the more likely of the two to have taken his life. Alexander eventually died in Babylon in Hammurabi; he never reached thirty-three years of age. Alexander the Great is one of the most told about, and written about Kings of the ancient world. Through his military prowess and tactics he was able to conquer much of the know territories but still did not live to see his dreams. There is no shortage of information on Alexander the Great as long as you know where to look, and don’t use the Colin Farrell movie. Upon researching for this paper it is no wonder why he comes second only to Jesus Christ in written down tales of his life, adventures, and conquests. Works Cited Cole, Joshua , Carol Symes, Judith Coffin, and Robert Stacey . Western Civilizations Brief Third Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2012. Print.

Arbitration Agreement

BY: ISAAC, OKORONKWO . C. HEM/1137 ABSTRACT This paper seeks to look into the issues concerning arbitration agreement under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA). It identifies the categories, forms, parties and highlights of the arbitration agreement. It also examines the enforcement of an arbitration agreement. This paper reveals that arbitration is a major attraction as being the most flexible way of settling dispute. Thus, it was suggested that arbitration agreement is a vital component of an arbitration proceedings. 1. 0INTRODUCTIONArbitration has continued to maintain the lead as the preferred mechanism for resolution of domestic and international business disputes in the Nigerian legal system. An arbitration agreement means a voluntary agreement to submit to arbitration present or future disputes, â€Å"whether contractual or not†. It is clear; therefore, that a claim in tort or fraud may be the subject matter of an arbitration agreement (Udechukwu, 2008). An arbit ration agreement can be included in the original or be in the form of a separate agreement, either at the time of the contract or subsequently.Therefore, even in the absence of an original integrated arbitration clause the parties can still decide to settle a presently existing dispute by arbitration. The arbitration agreement is the document, which is normally in writing containing details about the reference of the disputes for resolution by the arbitrators. It is an agreement on paper containing information signed by the parties; containing and providing records of the arbitration agreement (Oyegbile, 2000). It is a very important document guiding the entire process of arbitration.It also includes any reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause which constitutes an arbitration agreement if such contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract. Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration agreeme nt, it shall be irrevocable except:- i. By agreement of the parties ii. By leave of the court or a Judge iii. Even, the occurrence of death of either of the parties does not automatically revoke the arbitration agreement.Rather, it shall be enforceable by or against the personal representatives of the deceased. In the past, arbitration agreement could be in oral but the present arbitration act only recognized written agreement to arbitrate. The implication of this is that only written agreements are enforceable by the courts or Judge. 1. 1AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to provide information on arbitration agreement under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA) CAP A18 2004.To achieve the above aim, the specific objectives are to: * Identify the categories of arbitration agreement * Examine the enforcement of the arbitration agreement * Identify parties to the arbitration agreements * Identify the major highlight of Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA). 2. 0LITERATU RE REVIEW 2. 1CATEGORIES OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS There are two basic types of agreement: [1] the arbitration clause and [2] the submission agreement.An arbitration clause looks to the future, whereas a submission agreement looks to the past. The first, which is most common, is usually contained in the principal agreement between the parties and is an agreement to submit future disputes to arbitration. The second is an agreement to submit existing disputes to arbitration. Arbitration clauses are usually short, whilst submission agreements are usually long. This is not because of any particular legal requirement. It is simply a reflection of the practicalities of the situation.An arbitration clause that deals with disputes which may arise in the future does not usually go into much detail, since it is not known what kind of disputes will arise and how they should best be handled. Indeed, although the parties to a contract may agree to an arbitration clause, they hope that there will be no need to invoke it. Usually they insert a short model clause, recommended by an arbitral institution, as a formality. By contrast, a submission agreement deals with a dispute that has in fact already arisen; and so it can be tailored to fit precisely the circumstances of the case.In addition to indicating the place of arbitration and the substantive law, it generally names the arbitrators, sets out the matters in dispute and even, if thought appropriate, provides for exchange of written submissions and other procedure matters. 2. 2ENFORCEMENT OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS Nigerian Courts have adopted a positive approach to the enforcement of arbitration agreements. A review of the decided cases shows a general recognition by Nigerian Courts of arbitration as a good and valid alternative dispute resolution mechanism. In C. N.ONUSELOGU ENT. LTD. V. AFRIBANK (NIG. ) LTD, the Court held that arbitral proceedings are a recognised means of resolving disputes and should not be taken lightly by both counsel and parties. However, there must be an agreement to arbitrate, which is a voluntary submission to arbitration. Where there is an arbitration clause in a contract that is the subject matter of Court proceedings and a party to the Court proceedings promptly raises the issue of an arbitration clause, the Courts will order a stay of proceedings and refer the parties to arbitration.SECTIONS 6(3) and 21 of the Lagos State Arbitration Law 2009, which â€Å"empowers the Court to grant interim orders or reliefs to preserve the res or rights of parties pending arbitration. † Although the ACA in section 13 gives the arbitral tribunal power to make interim orders of preservation before or during arbitral proceedings, it does not expressly confer the power of preservative orders on the Court and Section 34 of the ACA limits the Courts’ power of intervention in arbitration to the express provisions of the ACA.The usefulness of section 6(3) of the Lagos State Arbitration Law 2009 is seen when there is an urgent need for interim preservative orders and the arbitral tribunal is yet to be constituted. In this regard, such applications find no direct backing under the ACA and have always been brought under the Rules of Court and under the Court’s inherent jurisdiction to grant interim orders. However, in AFRIBANK NIGERIA PLC V HACO, the Court granted interim relief and directed the parties to arbitrate under the provisions of ACA.Upon the publication of the award the parties returned to the Court for its enforcement as judgment of the Court. The Courts in Nigeria are often inclined to uphold the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of the ACA provided the necessary conditions are met. A live case in point is the case of MINAJ SYSTEMS LTD. V. GLOBAL PLUS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LTD. & 5 ORS, in this case, the Claimant instituted a Court action in breach of the arbitration agreement in the main contract and on the Defendant’s application , the Court granted an order staying proceedings in the interim for 30 days pending arbitration.In NIGER PROGRESS LTD. V. N. E. I. CORP. , the Supreme Court followed section 5 of the ACA which gives the Court the jurisdiction to stay proceedings where there is an arbitration agreement. In the owners of the MV LUPEX V. NIGERIAN OVERSEAS CHARTERING & SHIPPING LTD, the Supreme Court held that it was an abuse of the Court process for the respondent to institute a fresh suit in Nigeria against the appellant for the same dispute during the pendency of the arbitration proceedings in London. In AKPAJI V.UDEMBA, the Court held that where a defendant fails to raise the issue of an arbitration clause and rely on same at the early stage of the proceeding but takes positive steps in the action, he would be deemed to have waived his right under the arbitration clause. 2. 3THE PARTIES TO AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT The parties to a contract must have legal capacity to enter into that contract, otherw ise it is invalid. The position is no different if the contract in question happens to be an arbitration agreement.The general rule is that any natural or legal person who has the capacity to enter into a valid contract has the capacity to enter into an arbitration agreement. Accordingly, the parties to such agreements include individuals, as well as partnerships, corporations, states and state agencies. If an arbitration agreement is entered into by a party who does not have the capacity to do so, (the law where applicable) may be invoked either at the beginning or at the end of the arbitral process. If it is invoked at the eginning of the process, the party requesting for it would ask the competent court to stop the arbitration, on the basis that the arbitration agreement is null and void. Where the validity of the arbitration agreement is raised at the end of the arbitration process, the requesting party would ask that the competent court to refuse the recognition and enforcement of such an award, on the grounds that one of the parties to the arbitration agreement is â€Å"under some incapacity† under the applicable law. 3. 0MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ARBITRATION ACT a) The Arbitration Clause: The Arbitration and Conciliation Act (â€Å"ACA†) CAP.A18 2004 mandates that all arbitration agreements must be in writing and signed by the parties, in an exchange of letters, telex, telegram or other means of communication; or point of claim or defence. In Nigeria, arbitration clauses are irrevocable except by the leave of court or mutual agreement of parties. Even where parties had no prior agreement, with a submission agreement, parties may still submit to arbitration; b) Subject-matter Arbitrability: The â€Å"ACA† does not stipulate any particular subject matter that may not be referred to arbitration.The question of whether or not a dispute is arbitrable has therefore been left at the discretion of the Courts. In ARAB REPUBLIC V. OGUNWALE(2002 ) 9 NWLR (PART 771) 127,the Court of Appeal held that the test for determining whether a dispute is arbitrable or not is that the dispute or difference must necessarily arise from the clause contained in the agreement. However not all disputes are necessarily arbitrable c) Binding Nature: The â€Å"ACA5† provides that every arbitration award in Nigeria shall be binding on the parties.This is to preclude a recalcitrant party from preventing a successful party from enjoying the fruits of his judgment. d) Number of Arbitrators: In Nigeria, the number of arbitrators is either one or three. The parties to an arbitration agreement may determine their preferred numbers of arbitrators to be appointed under the agreement, but where no such determination is made, the number of arbitrators shall be deemed to be three. e) Challenge of an arbitrator: Parties may determine the procedure to be followed in challenging an arbitrator. Where no such procedure is determined a party who intends t o challenge an arbitrator shall, within ifteen days of becoming aware of the constitution of the arbitral Tribunal or becoming aware of any of the grounds, send to the arbitral Tribunal a written statement of the reasons for the challenge. f) Preservative Orders: The provisions of the ACA cloths the members of a Tribunal with the requisite powers to grant preservative orders during an arbitration reference. These orders however do not include granting injunctions etc. The Act provides that in such circumstance, the Tribunal can remit that portion of the reference to a proper court for the grant of such injunctive relief. ) Language to be used in Arbitral proceedings: In Nigeria, the parties may, by agreement determine the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings. But where they do not do so, the arbitral Tribunal shall determine the language to be used bearing in mind the relevant circumstances of the case. h) Legal Representation: In Nigeria, the parties to an a rbitral proceeding may appear for themselves or be represented or assisted by a legal practitioner of their choice. i) The Award: An Award may be interim, interlocutory, or final. Any award made in Nigeria must adhere to the following: * It must be in writing; It must be signed by all the arbitrators (if they are more than one); * It must be delivered with a reason (except where parties agree otherwise); * The place where the Award was made must be stated on the award. j) The enforcement of an Award: An arbitral award shall, irrespective of the country in which it is made, be recognised as binding on the parties. This is made possible by the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcements) Act, Cap 152, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004, which makes foreign arbitral awards registerable in Nigerian Courts if at the date of registration it could be enforced by execution in Nigeria. . 1THE DOCTRINE â€Å"SEPARABILITY† It is also known as the doctrine or principle of autonomy or independence of the arbitration clause. Separability means the arbitrability clause in a contract is considered to be separate from the main contract of which it forms part and as such, survives the termination of that contract. It noteworthy to mention that arbitration agreement can be in form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in a separate agreement addressing disputes that have already arisen.The doctrine of separability is most relevant to arbitration clause in a contract an underlying contract. At the outset it must be recognised that this doctrine is inextricably linked with the doctrine of kompetence-kompetence which empowers the arbitrator to decide his own jurisdiction in the first instance. While kompetence-kompetence empowers the arbitration tribunal to decide on its own jurisdiction, the doctrine of separability affects the outcome of this decision.The doctrine of separability is provided for under Section 12(2) of ACA: For purposes of subsection (1) of this sect ion, an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract and a decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void shall not entail ipso jure the validity of the arbitration clause. For arbitral tribunals whose seat is in Nigeria (including under domestic arbitration) the source of this doctrine is article 12(2) of ACA quoted above which is a mandatory provision.Parties cannot therefore as a matter of contract, derogate from this provision and agree otherwise. Finally, separability thus ensures that if, for example one party claims that there has been a total breach of contract by the other, the contract is not destroyed for all purposes. Instead: â€Å"It survives for the purpose of measuring the claims arising out of the breach, and the arbitration clause survives for determining the mode of their settlement. The purposes of the contract have failed, but the arbitration clause is not one of the purposes of the contract. † 4. 0DATA AND METHODIn bid to gather information for this study, the secondary source of data collection was utilized, which includes – journals, textbooks and other relevant document from the internet (web sites and e-library). 5. 0CONCLUSION The importance of the arbitration agreement is imperative and vital to the success of an arbitration proceeding. The arbitration agreement represents the wishes of the parties to submit future dispute to arbitration while submission clause attends to disputes that have already arisen. REFERENCES ACA. (2004). Arbitration and Concilation Act CAP A8, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) .Nigeria. National Open University. (n. d. ). Alternative Disput Resolution II. Retrieved 02 23, 2013, from www. noun. edu. ng Oyegbile, S. O. (2000). An Introduction to Arbitration and Conciliation. Minna: Jameson Graphic Publishers. Tolulope, A. (2012). Arbitration in the Emerging Markets. The International Charmber of Commerce Clyde & Co. Conference (pp. 2-4). London: Aron. Udechukwu, C. E. (2008). Professional Practice for Real Estate Professionals. Lagos: Treem Nigeria Limited. Wikipedia. (2013). Web Encylopedia. Retrieved 02 14, 2013, from www. wikipedia. com: http://www. wikipedia. com

What the founders meant by the first Amendment

What the founders meant by the first Amendment Introduction United States is a country with rich culture and history. Worth noting is the fact that, throughout American history, religion and in particular Church has played an integral part in development of the State. Values such as democracy and freedom were brought by Christians who fled from British Monarch.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What the founders meant by the first Amendment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, when the first amendment was entrenched into the bill of rights, the State gradually moved away from Church values and instead strengthened secularism. The Church feels cheated as they made a great contribution to the foundation of State. This paper will try to explore what the founders of the first amendment meant, when they wrote the bill (Holcomb 23). What the founders meant by the first Amendment The first amendment was written over 200 years ago by the founders who wanted to protect both the State and religion from interfering in each others tasks. However, its interpretation has raised concern as courts insist it is not absolute while the congress believes that it is. This has led to confusion over its exact meaning and relevance to the State and Church. Its meaning has always varied with each side taking to their interpretations. Even though it was written more than 200 years ago, it has endured any significant alteration. It states the congress is not to respect any established religion when making laws This was ideally meant to protect them from executing each other’s duties, and did not mean Church could not advice the State (Holcomb 12). The founders wanted openness as well as democracy in United States. They were tired of tyranny and control of information which had restricted people from airing their grievances. They had the purpose of ending this form of life forever, and therefore wrote this amendment in the bill of rights. They believed that the population needed to share information so as to live in unity and harmony. They also hoped to protect the state from a stronger religion which could begin dictatorship as was in the days of Rome. The founders feared tyranny, which they had witnessed under British monarchy and wanted a better future for the American population. However, this was interpreted in many ways to an extent that currently, the State is completely separated from Church. Instead, secularism has encroached in government, and the society at large. All religions are treated equally, even though others impact on more people than the rest. Though the founders of the bill had good intentions for the country, it is not clear why they did not seal the loopholes (Holcomb 113).Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion When the first amendment was written, its aims ware established by the founders, they were intended to protect both State and Church. However, this took a twist as each side interpreted the bill to befit their conditions. This only confirms the bill was not complete in its description of relationship between Church and State. Courts have made it clear that the bill is not absolute, however the State insists on its other meaning, which keeps religion at bay. American populations, majority of which are Christians, cannot have their way, both in schools and institutions, these are the severity of such conflicts between Church and State (Holcomb 23). Work Cited Holcomb, David. â€Å"Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land: a History of Church and State in America†. USA: Oxford University Press, 2003

How to Treat Gummosis, or Bleeding in Tree Bark

How to Treat Gummosis, or Bleeding in Tree Bark Bleeding bark on  trees and other woody plants  often leads to concern when its discovered by tree growers and yard tree owners. Gum or sap draining from a tree trunk or limbs is common in trees in the genus Prunus, which includes peaches and cherries, but it can happen in many species. This sap flow can be caused by biotic diseases, which are triggered by living organisms such as fungi, and abiotic injury, caused by non-living factors such as sunlight and temperature change. One textbook definition gummosis is the copious production and exudation of gum by a diseased or damaged tree, especially as a symptom of a disease of fruit trees. But it also can be an early symptom of other problems, not only in orchards but in prized landscape trees in yards, parks, and forests.   Gummosis can weaken a tree, but it isnt the end of the world. Bleeding or oozing of sap from a tree, although not normal, wont necessarily permanently harm a tree or woody plant; most of them will survive. Its also important to remember that there are many causes for free-running sap from trees, including insect borers, cankers, bark injury, and a variety of diseases. Controlling these sources of damage will control gum deposits and sap flow, but there usually is no cure. Causes Gum exuding from cherry, peach, and sweetgum trees is common, so keep an eye on these species. Gummosis isnt a pathogen in itself but the response to environmental stress from pathogenic, insect, or mechanical injury. Pathogenic infectious diseases and cankers that result in bleeding sap can become problematic in fruit orchards. Particularly, the  cytospora canker, or perennial canker, commonly causes fungal bleeding in stone fruited trees such as apricot, cherry, peach, and plum. This infection can be distinguished from insect damage and mechanical injuries because sawdust or pieces of bark arent mixed in the sap, as would be the case with insect or mechanical damage. It isnt vital for you to identify the specific cause or causes involved, but its very important to differentiate between insect infestation, mechanical injury, and infectious disease for diagnosis. Prevention and Treatment There are management practices you can follow to lower the risk of gummosis: Be careful when using lawn and garden equipment to avoid tree tissue injury, which can harbor fungal spores.Prevent winter cold injury to your tree by planting cold-hardy species within their hardiness zones and outside isolated wind  avenues.Maintain a trees health to discourage boring insects.Prune and dispose of limbs during late winter.Try to identify whether the tree has been injured mechanically, been attacked by insects, or infected by a disease. Typically, mechanical injury and insects will leave exposed sapwood or sawdust. Treat the  causes as best you can while increasing the most comfortable tree conditions for optimal health. Increasing tree vigor is important and will yield great results. One helpful treatment is applying several pints of garden lime under the tree drip line if your site has a low to moderate PH. Raising soil Ph to 6.5 can do wonders for tree health.

Government's Involvement or Role in the Marketplace - Managerial Essay

Government's Involvement or Role in the Marketplace - Managerial Economics - Essay Example Economists often assume that markets are perfectly competitive and that all information necessary to make rational decisions is available. . But this is not always true. Sometimes the market is far from being competitive, there is lack of adequate information for participants, and a single buyer or seller, or a small group of buyers and sellers, may be able to control market prices. This power exercised by monopolists and oligopolists is called market power. Market power can cause markets to be inefficient, keeping price and quantity away from the supply-and-demand equilibrium (Mankiw, 1998; Samuelson and Marks, 1995). There are instances when society as a whole is not well served; therefore, it is incumbent on the government to intervene, usually for two reasons: to promote efficiency (enlarging the economic pie), and to promote equity (ensuring a better division of the pie). To make their analysis simple, economists often assume that market outcomes matter only to the buyers and sellers, but in real life decisions by market participants sometimes affect people who had nothing to do with the market at all. Such side effects, called externalities, cause welfare to hinge on more than just values and costs when buyers and sellers decide how much to consume and produce, thus the market equilibrium can become inefficient from the viewpoint of society as a whole. Market power and externalities are what constitute market failure – which means that the market, unregulated and left on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently. When markets fail, public policy may be able to provide a remedy to the problem situation and perhaps increase economic efficiency. The government intervenes in the hope of improving market outcomes. However, it is by no means certain that government intervention can improve the state of

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Portfolio - Essay Example There were attempts by the government to inform and educate the people of the US in a totally different manner and the government wanted to introduce new measures and policies when it came to the economic and financial bases. There were changes all over, not only in economics but also in terms of politics and infrastructural developments. All these things accounted for the modifications which actually took place during the period of Renaissance after the year 1989. The reason why Americans experienced such a period is due to the fact that the leaders of the country wanted it to happen and they wanted the people to know that a lot of different measures and steps which were taken by that time were for their own betterment and good. People started to experience life in a different way altogether and thus changes were experienced left, right and center. All said and done, this Renaissance experience was for the positive side of the Americans and there was nothing to worry about as far as the people of the United States are concerned. Realism can make the humanity realize the importance of having a grasp of the global regimes which are working day and night to make a difference, no matter in whichever capacity they are functional. This suggests the fact that realism has a say or two in the global contexts and hence has a direct bearing on the subject of globalization so to speak. Realism brings to light the salient aspects related with world politics which directly or for that matter indirectly comes under the globalization module and thus a strong linkage is made apparent between the very two. Without a doubt, the world economy has grown in recent decades. So much so, that the pundits have said something good about it. International trade is something that is attributed to this upheaval. It has formed the motivating factor behind the very same. Developing countries have also stepped on to the bandwagon and are thus bringing in

Contemporary Global Marketing ( International Marketing Opportunity Essay

Contemporary Global Marketing ( International Marketing Opportunity Planning Group ) - Essay Example From Jurlique's farm to your skin, the biodynamic practices that used on their farms help create the beauty on your skin. The biodynamic blends that are applied with extreme care and precision to Jurlique's soil and plants lead to greater effectiveness in all of Jurlique skin care products. Jurlique's soil is fertile and their farms are based on a natural cycle of renewal to help keep your skin replenished and alive. Since 1985, Jurlique's biodynamic farming methods have been rooted in their belief in the relationship between health, beauty, the earth and all living things. Jurlique strived to create products that sustain both of restoring and maintaining healthy skin. 2.2 Situation Jurlique innovation Jurlique's mission is to be the global leader and innovator in biodynamic and organic skin care. Today each harvest is still tended with the same care and detailed focus that began on a farm in South Australia over twenty years ago. Jurlique continues to lead the industry and strives t o development of high-performance skin care. As Jurlique’s company continue to lead the industry, the company strives to produce the most effective skin care while meeting the changing of the customer. 3. Issue and Problem 4. Analysis 4.1 Environment Analysis The environment analysis of a business corporation can be done on the basis of the strategic tool PESTEL. The PESTEL stands for the acronym for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal which are the factors upon which the firm’s external environment would be analyzed. The country chosen for the analysis is United Kingdom where the company focuses to export huge volumes of its natural products. Political Factors The government of United Kingdom is found to render holistic support for the growth of trade of Jurlique skin care products and beauty spas owing to the cause that the products increase the consciousness of protecting the natural environment. This fact helps the business corporati on to gain large amount of support from the government to carry out its expansion drives in competition to another key player Body Shop (Ammenheuser, 2011). Economic Factors It is found that owing to the reasonable price standards of Jurlique skin care products it is highly appreciated by the economy of Australia. The Australian economy truly appreciates the long bonding relationship that it has framed with the reasonably priced and high quality products of the cosmetic company. Thus more number of stores and beauty clinics are coming up in the region for its high social acceptance (Jurlique, 2011). Social Factors Jurlique skin care products earn a high amount of social acceptance for being able to satisfy the necessities of different demographic profiles pertaining to income and age levels. It is found that the herbal cosmetic company tends to produce different products for different age groups of people belonging to either gender and also for kids. Further the company to catch inc reasing consumer consciousness endeavors to produce large number of variants at different price ranges. Still the company to get a larger space in the consumer market need to gain a more favorable social image so as to enhance its brand value in regards to its competitors (Naturisimo, 2011). Technological Factors Jurlique skin care products fully depend on herbal technology for the preparation of different skin care body lotions

Analyzing of Economic Data Using Big Data

Analyzing of Economic Data Using Big Data N.Rajanikumar, Dr.A.Suresh babu, Mr.G.Murali Abstract: Big data can help at the e commerce data. The big-picture problems, the economic indicator many investors, business fortunate and judges are rely on are just too outdated by the time they’re out. People â€Å"pitch to the number,† but the world has often moved since it was considered and they won’t know it until the next report comes out. Take, for example, the case of increasing food prices in India and China that are pouring up price rises for a major percentage of the world’s residents. But principle claims to have been seeing the movement shaping up for weeks. Premise is able to capture economic data in close to real-time in some cases or at least much closer to it in others thanks to the technology trifecta of e-commerce, cloud computing and Smartphone’s. However, while e-commerce data is supportive for gauging the prices of certain goods in certain economies, it doesn’t really touch emerging economies where the vast popular of transactions are still local and cash-based. If groceries prices are rising across Asia, for example, that likely income, along with other things, inferior health and less money to spend on non-essential end user goods. That’s where mobile devices come into play in the form of Premise’s Android host. The company has more than 700 contributors in 25 cities, mostly in Asia and Latin America, who go into stores and markets and capture data about exact items on which Premise desires data. â€Å"We use them as sort of detection agents. The contributors take a picture of the item either on the shelf or in a market stall; it syncs with Premise’s servers in the blur; and Premise’s system is then able to extract information from the photos. It can verify information such as price, brand and quality of the items, and even ecological information such as how clean the store is and how stocked the shelves are. Interestingly, but not without warning, the app that con tributors use is only for Android phones. Keywords: Apache Hadoop API Using HDFS, Mapreduce, Pig, Hive, Linux-Unix, windows,Eclips. 1. INTRODUCTION This paper mainly focuses on how to manage huge amount of data and how to analyse the data. The technology used for this is hadoop technology . In this project the data taken is Economic data from various E-commerce websites. Then the data is stored into HDFS( hadoop distributed file system) format in the form of clusters. After the storage is done, then the processing of data can be done based on the user requirements. The processing of data can be done using many modes. Hadoop basically contains many ecosystems which provide different ways of processing or analyzing the data in different environments. There are two basic methods of Hadoop are HDFS and MapReduce. HDFS is used to stock up the data and MapReduce is used to progression the data. In MapReduce we write codes in java to analyze the data in whatever way we want to. The ecosystems in Hadoop are also for processing and analyzing the data. The different ecosystems of hadoop are pig, hive, chukwa, HBase, ZooKeeper, sqoop etc. Here pig, hive and sqoop have been implemented. So the first ecosystem implemented is pig. Pig is scripting language. It can process both structured and unstructured data. In this pig scripts are written on the data to get results. Then hive is a query language, it can handle only structured data. In this queries are written on to the data to analyze it. Then finally sqoop, it is actually a support for hadoop rather than an ecosystem. It is used to transfer data from one data base to other. And after the processing of data the results are displayed. 2. What Is Big Data? Big Data refers to the data sets whose size makes it difficult for commonly used data capturing software tools to interpret, manage, and process them within a reasonable time frame. Big data sizes are a continually moving target, as of 2012 ranging from a few dozen TERABYTES to many PETABYTES of data in a single data set. With this difficulty, new platforms of big data tools are being developed to handle various aspects of big quantities of data. BIG DATA concept means a datasets which continues to grow so much it difficult to manage it using existing database management concept and tools. The difficulty can be related to retrieve the capturing of data, storage, searching and virtualization, etc. The challenges associated with Big Data are the â€Å"4 V’s†: Volume, velocity, Variety, and value. The Volume challenges exist because most businesses generate much more then what their system were designed to handle. The velocity challenge exists if company’s data analysis or data storage runs slower than its data generation. The variety challenge exists because of the need to process difference types of data to produce the desired insights. The value challenge applies to deriving valuable insights from data, which is the most important of all V’s in my view. Fig1. 4V’s of Big Data 3. What is E-Commerce? A type of trade model, or part of a larger business model, that enables a firm or individual to perform business over an electronic network, typically the internet. Electronic commerce operates in all four of the major market segments: business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business. It can be thought of as a more advanced form of mail-order purchasing through a catalogue. Almost any product or service can be offered via ecommerce, from books and music to financial services and plane tickets. Investopedia explains Electronic Commerce: e-commerce E-commerce has approved firms to set up a market existence, or to improve an active market spot, by providing a cheaper and more capable distribution chain for their products or services. 4. Why Big Data is a must in ecommerce The buzz nearby Big Data is far away from being needless. Not only does it permit merchants to gain deeper insights into customer behavior and industry trends, but it also lets them make more precise decisions to improve just about every feature of the business, from selling and publicity, to merchandising, operations, and even customer maintenance. Below are a few more points that deeper explain the impacts of Big data in the Ecommerce empire. From improving customer familiarity to developing better products or marketing campaigns, it’s no question that Big Data is the next big thing for online businesses. 5. Characteristics of Big Data A Big data proposal can give a solution which is planned specifically with the needs of the venture. The following are the basic characters of the Big data: Comprehensive – It should offer a broad platform, and address all three dimensions velocity, volume and variety. Enterprise Ready – It should include the performance, reliability, performance and security features. Integrated – It should enable integration with information supply chain including databases, data warehouses and business intelligence applications. Open Source Based It should be open source technology with enterprise class functionality. Low latency. Robust and reliability. Scalability. Extensibility. Allows adhoc queries. Minimal Maintenance. 6. BIG DATA OFFERS There are many vendors offering BIG DATA Analytics are IBM, KOGNITO, etc. Here in this paper I have discussed about the IBM Platform. Fig -2: IBM Platform of BIG DATA 7. Big Data Challenges There are focal challenges of BIG DATA are data variety, velocity, volume and analytical workload intricacy More number of organizations is belligerent to compact with many problems with the large amount of data. In order to solve this problem, the organizations need to ease the amount of data being stored and develop new storage techniques which can improve storage use. 8. Uses of Big Data for Online Retailers Most minute merchants’ think that Big Data analysis is for well-built companies. In fact, it is essential for minute businesses, too, as they attempt to partake with the larger ones. This becomes even more important as online retailers proceed together with their customers in real time. Note, however, that management large sets of data can increase a site’s load time. A slow site troubles every aspect of the shopping procedure. Here are six uses of Big Data for online retailers. Personalization, Dynamic pricing, Customer service, Managing fraud, Supply chain visibility,Predictive analytics. ‘Big Data’ and e-commerce Tuesday 25 September 2012 9. Conclusion The expansion of information particularly of unstructured dataposes a special challengeas the volumeand diversity ofdata. One of the most promise technologies is the Apache Hadoop and Map Reduce structure for dealing with this big data problem. Big Data is a popular trend in business and in marketing. The concept can indicate different things to different businesses. For ecommerce, retailers should seek to use Big Data to collect big information, if you will, that may be used to make better marketing decisions,. 10. REFERENCES [1] Ecommerce.about.com [2] bloomreach.com/2012/05/ecommerce-challenges-that-can-be-solved-by-hadoop-and-big-data-apps/ [2] Ziff Davis, â€Å"E-Commerce.† Software World, 2003, vol. 30,pp. 207-212. [3] X. J. Tong, W. Jiang, â€Å"Research of Secure System of Electronic Commerce Based on Mix Encryption,† Microprocessors, 2006, vol. 4, pp. 44-47. [4] S. H. Qing, Cryptography and Computer Network Security. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2001. [5] Y. P. Hu, Y. Q. Zhang, Symmetric Cryptography. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2002. [6] S. Z. Guan. Public Key Infrastructure PKI and Certification Authority. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2002.