Expenditures and Revenues Summary: Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office Essay

The Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office, a statutory government agency, is responsible for providing services to three mandated programs in Palm Beach County, Florida (PBSO.org, 2013). Those programs are Law Enforcement, Corrections Services throughout Palm Beach County’s jails, and finally Bailiff and Court staff. Palm Beach Sheriff’s office is required to respond to law enforcement calls throughout the county and all unincorporated areas of Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Sheriff’s office is also responsible for providing services to certain municipalities throughout Palm Beach County, if a contract exists between the municipality and the Sheriff’s office. The municipality must come to a fee agreement with the Palm Beach Sheriff’s office before a contract is established. The following will elaborate on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office revenue and expenditures and the impact of the expenditures on the revenue source. The following will also elaborate on who the key players are in terms of making budget decisions and whether or not there is any influence of political and public policies on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office. Finally, recommended organizational financial analysis alternatives for the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office will be researched. The Impact of the Expenditures on the Revenue Source Palm Beach County is located in South Florida and is the largest county in square mileage in Florida at 2,268 square miles. Palm Beach County is Florida’s third largest populated county with just under 1.4 million residents (PBSO.org, 2014).The Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office maintains 3,949 allocations throughout Palm Beach County and boasts 1,333 sworn law enforcement officers, 7,757 civilian support staff, 689 sworn Corrections officers and 170 sworn Court services and Bailiff; therefore a large portion of the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office budget is allocated to programs. Personal services, according to the Sheriff’s Office (2014) means this part of the budget is considered to pay employee wages and benefits. This program is divided in to thee parts, Law Enforcement, Corrections and Court Services  and Bailiff, which in turns means three different expenditures. A total of $510,102,878.00 for the Sheriff’s was requested for the 2014 fiscal year in order to support the three programs. This amount is an increase of about 5.8% from the 2013 fiscal year (PBSO.org, 2014). The Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office is funded through various revenues generated from Law Enforcement services, ad-valorem taxes and utility taxes. The Sheriff’s Office collects 15% of all revenues collected through adult entertainment and revenue is also received by the State of Florida for Crime Laboratory Operations. Funds are established by the Florida Crime Laboratory Council. Safety services also generate revenue for the Sheriff’s Office. The charges and fees are ultimately determined by the Statute and fee schedule approved by the Sheriff. These contracts include airport security, Private and Governmental Off-Duty permits and other law enforcement contract. The Safety Service fees make up a large portion of the Sheriff’s revenues (PBSO. org, 2014). Other revenues include fines and forfeitures, commission on coin telephones used by the county’s inmates, taxes levied on assessed properties in Palm Beach County and utility tax. According to Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office (2014), each program is divided in to three expenditures. Those expenditures are Law Enforcement, Corrections and Court Services and Bailiff. Each of the three program categories is broken down even further. Those parts are listed as Personal Services, Operating and Capital Outlay. Each variable requires funds in order to operate; for example, the Law Enforcement Program was budgeted for a total budget of $347,035,274.00 out of the $510,102,878.00. As stated this program is further broken down in to three variables, Personal Services, Operating and Capital Outlay. A total of $276,397,453.00 is budgeted for personal services. $60,185,099 is budgeted for Operating and $10,452,722.00 is budgeted for Capital Outlay. This brings the total to $347,035,274.00 dollars budgeted for the Law Enforcement Program. This total is about 60% of the total budget for 2014. It is important to understand that 81% of the operating budget consists of wages, overtime and employee benefits. These are items which are set through collective bargaining, policy, contracts and also receive protection under to Career Service Bill (PBSO.org, 2014). Key  Players Involved in Deciding on a Budget Because the Sheriff’s Office is large and requires time to create a reasonable budget, the budgeting process begins in December of the preceding year (PBSO.org, 2014). In January, the Palm Beach Sheriff discusses the philosophy for the approaching fiscal year. The Sheriff’s Office had an established budget staff which provides an overview of the budget process and provides details regarding the upcoming budget preparation and procedures. Executives and Senior Staff conduct a series of internal reviews before the proposed budget is presented the Sheriff. The Sheriff then reviews the proposed budget and either accepts or denies the budget. Once the Sheriff approves the budget a signed copy is sent to the Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioner by May 1. The Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioners Office of Finance Management and Budget would then schedule a number of workshops for the County’s proposed budget. It is during these workshops that modifications to the Sheriff’s budget can be presented. Budgets may be modified based on the receipt of grant funds, donations or other sources outside of the Sheriff’s adopted budget. In September, there are two public hearing scheduled during which the final budget is adopted. The budget must be adopted for October 1, the start of the new fiscal year. The Influence of Politics and Public Policies on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office The Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioners Office of Finance Management and Budget is a governmental organization which oversees the Sheriff’s proposed budget on a yearly basis. The Constitutional Officers who oversee the budget include Clerk and Comptroller Office, Tax Collector and Property Appraiser (Palm Beach County, 2014). All three entities are those of local government. These three organizations are responsible for reviewing not only the Sheriff’s budget, but all other budgets relating to cities in Palm Beach County who provide public assistance. Politics can play a huge role when considering a budget proposal. In this case, these three entities know what funding is available as they are responsible for collecting different revenues. If the money is not available to fund the entire budget request, then cuts will be made to the budget; furthermore, because budgets are able to be accessed by  the public, is important to ensure that all decisions regarding the budget are ethical decisions. Financial Analysis Alternatives In the event that there is a loss of revenue source, there are many other options the Sheriff’s Office can explore in order to obtain funding. The Sheriff’s Office, like any other police department, has many departments which are responsible for investigating certain crimes; for example, the Sheriff’s Office created a department specifically for tracking online sexual predators. The United States Department of Justice provides funding to the Sheriff’s Office for strategically targeting online predators. The Sheriff’s office would be able to continue funding this department and maintaining its multidisciplinary team to assist in the development and implementation of the strategy. The COPS hiring Program (CHP) is dedicated to enhancing community policing by addressing the needs of a state, local or tribal law enforcement agency. The COPS Hiring Program (CHP) provides funding so that law enforcement agencies are able to hire new or career law enforcement officers. Employing more officers would increase crime prevention efforts in a given district (U.S. Department of Justice, 2014). The COPS Hiring Program (CHP) will provide up to 75% of any approved entry-level salary and fringe benefits. The officers must be hired as full-time officers for the length of grant period, which is 36 months. A minimum of 25% of the officer’s salary must be matched by the hiring agency and a maximum federal share of $125,000 per officer. Under the COPS Hiring Program, the agency is only able to hire up to 5% of the agency’s sworn police officers (U.S Department of Justice, 2014). According to the Sheriff’s Office (2014), there are two other sources of alternative funding. Alternative funding can be obtained through forfeiture funds which are obtained from cases which assets and cash are seized and eventually released to the law enforcement agency. Forfeiture funds may come from state and federal governments and ought to be used to purchase equipment which was unable to be funded. Secondly, alternative funds may come from the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office grant program. This program  generates millions of dollars annually. In the past, grant funding has enabled the Sheriff’s Office to purchase patrol boats; additionally, the grant funding, the Sheriff’s Office has also purchased 245 square miles of waterway in Palm Beach County and 45 miles of shoreline (PBSO.org, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion, The Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office is large law enforcement agency within Palm Beach County which provides law enforcement, corrections and court services to Palm Beach County. The Sheriff’s office is also contracted by a number of cities within Palm Beach County to perform law enforcement duties within that area. Drafting a budget proposal can be challenging and difficult for such a large organization. Upon completing this research, one can easily see the much thought and preparation is needed to complete a budget which will allow the Sheriff’s Office to continuously provide services to those within the jurisdictions. The preceding elaborated on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office revenue and expenditures and the impact of the expenditures on the revenue source. The preceding also elaborated on who the key players are in terms of making budget decisions and whether or not there is any influence of political and public policies on the Palm Beach Sh eriff’s Office. Finally, the organizational financial analysis alternatives for the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office were discussed. References Palm Beach County (2014). Preparing for Budgets. Retrieved from website http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=2367 PBSO.org, (2014). Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office Budget. Retrieved from website http://pbso.org/index.cfm?fa=budget U.S. Department of Justice (2014). COPS Hiring Program. Retrieved from website http://www.pbcgov.com/ofmb/budget/

Environmental Science Worksheet Essay

1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the environmental movement? The environmental movement is closely related with the appearance of environmental awareness. Before 1960, very few people knew the term ecology. Environmental concerns were absent in the political and social spheres. However, a groundbreaking book by Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, was published in 1960 and large numbers of people became aware of the consequences of humans’ encroachment upon the nature in terms of the use of highly toxic chemicals like the DDT. Again in this period, various environmental events like oil spills, news about the possible extinction of several species have also helped create an awareness of the issue (Botkin & Keller, 2011, Ch. 1). People were divided into two camps: environmentalists (those having dismal views that life on earth is in peril) and anti- environmentalists (those opposing the environmentalists and saying science and progress are necessary for humans). Today we have overcome this either-or dichotomy and understood that science and progress do not need to be poised against the environment. Environment can be protected while industrialization and progress are maintained. Clean energy, new environmental regulations, and energy-efficiency are belied to help humans protect the nature. 2. Explain the main point concerning exponential growth and whether it is good or bad. Compare exponential growth to a logistic growth curve and explain how these might apply to human population growth. What promotes exponential growth? What constrains population growth? Exponential growth is occurs when a population increases by a fixed percentage every year. Exponential growth is encouraged in the nature when a species is introduced to a new environment or when the population of a species is small and environmental conditions are suitable for the species. However, exponential growth does not last long in the nature. Exponential growth is bad since continuously high reproduction rate for a species places extreme pressure on ecosystems. Logistic growth curve explains how exponential growth is stopped by limiting factors like natural resources. A population might grow sharply at the beginning but as the limiting factors (like water, space, food, predators, and disease) come into play, the growth levels off (Withgott & Brennan, 2009, p. 85). As for human population, exponential growth is promoted by new medicines that staved off many diseases, dependable supply of food all around the year through scientific agriculture involving artificial fertilizers, and the eradication of predators. As for the limiting factors, lack of urban space, collapse of habitats supporting human life, war, occasional epidemics (like AIDS or flu), and declining fertility of overused agricultural areas are all serious obstacles to higher population growth. 3.Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing countries. Why is it difficult to predict the growth of Earth’s human population? Why should population growth be predicted?†? What will happen if there is exponential human growth? Human population and its dynamics have very important implications for the nature. Exponential human growth would have disastrous effects on the nature because a larger population means greater need for space (and hence, enlargement of cities into virgin territories), for food (turning more virgin territory into agricultural lands), for water (diverting more water resources into cities for human use and endangering animals and plants). So, population growth should be predicted to better reconcile the future needs with the necessity of protecting nature. Population predictions allow decision makers to make adjustments. Healthcare system, education, national security, and economics are the main areas that population predictions affect. Population growth predictions for developed and developing countries differ widely. This is due to the so-called demographic transition. In an underdeveloped country, birth and death rates are high and the actual population growth is low. However, industrialization leads to improvement in health and death rates decrease as a result while birth rate is still high. Then, at the next stage, a high growth rate is maintained. But education and material welfare increase and family-planning methods are widely adopted. Consequently, birth rate decreases and nears the death rate. A zero growth rate occurs. Developed nations like the US, Germany, and Japan are at the furthest stage of population growth while developing nations experience declining death rates and still increasing birth rates. It is difficult to predict the growth of Earth’s human population because there is always the possibility of a natural disaster, and it is not certain whether some developing nations can arrive at zero-growth stage before facing catastrophic circumstances (Botkin & Keller, 2011, Ch. 4). 4. How do principles of system theory apply to the Earth as a living system? Explain interactions between humans and natural ecosystems. The system theory and especially the Gaia Hypothesis see the Earth as a living system. According to this hypothesis, life changes the environment for the continuation of life. Hence the conclusion is the Earth can achieve physiological self†regulation. The principles of the system theory can be summed as follows: systems respond to inputs and outputs through the feedback mechanism. Positive feedback hurts the balance while negative feedback promotes stability. Relations between inputs and outputs of systems can be various: linear, exponential, or defined by a logistic curve. The so-called principle of environmental unity basically holds that every component of the environment affects another component. According to the principle of uniformitarian’s, we can forecast environmental conditions in the future by looking at the past and present trends. Change in the nature can be slow, rapid, sudden or expected. Interactions between humans and natural ecosystems occur can be explained through all these principles (Botkin & Keller, 2011, Ch. 3).

Cigerate money in POW camp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cigerate money in POW camp - Essay Example Cigarettes qualified as money because it acted as a standard of deferred payment. Some buyers took commodities on credit with a promise of paying an agreed number of cigarettes in the future. Just like modern currency, cigarette money acted as a store of value so that buyers could keep their extra purchasing power for use when the Red Cross issue arrived. Traders accumulated cigarette money to help them purchase more stock when commodities arrived (Radford 5). The fact that cigarettes served both as money and as a smoke was a factor that led to the debasement of cigarette money. Buyers in the P.O.W camp savoured high quality cigarettes for smoking and only used those that were of low quality for trading. The method used in making different cigarette brands was another factor in the debasement of cigarette money. For example, machine-made cigarettes that were supplied by Red Cross could afford more than hand-rolled cigarettes. Lack of homogeneity in the worth of certain cigarettes led to the debasement of cigarette money. For example, some hand-rolled cigarettes were doubted for low quality and extreme thinness and some sellers would reject them. The cunningness of buyers in P.O.W camp to try to maximize on the few available cigarettes led them dismantling big machine-made cigarettes in order to make many smaller ones. Price fluctuations affected the stability of cigarette money and it would fall in value when prices went up (Radford 5). Like in modern economic times, a fall in the value of cigarette money was one of the factors that caused inflation in P.O.W camp. The decrease of the value of cigarette money led to inflation because some traders felt that they needed to charge more in order to realize meaningful profits. The anticipation and arrival of commodities in the P.O.W camp was another contributing factor for inflation. This manifested in price hikes when the day of the arrival of commodities

Managing Family Owned Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing Family Owned Business - Essay Example From this research it is clear that family businesses are created for a variety of reasons, but a common belief among founders of family businesses is that working together as a family unit can be more profitable than working alone. Family businesses, whether they are small, local enterprises or large, national companies have unique concerns, such as interrelationships between family members, the question of succession in the next generation, maintaining talent, ownership and finance, in addition to all the problems that other businesses face. A family business has the challenge of balancing both the family and the business. Many times these two systems are in conflict with each other. Power struggles, resolving conflicting vested interests, leadership and mergers are other issues that arise on a daily basis. The importance of the consultant in supplying the guidance and expertise in the area of managerial skills is often overlooked in the family firm either because of lack of financ ial resources or the erroneous belief that an outsider does not know the business and thus cannot offer effective solutions. As resources and energies shift from transaction based to value-added activities, there is mounting pressure to improve traditional measures of business efficiency (Javier & Low, 2003). A family business has the challenge of balancing two distinct and often conflicting systems: the family and the business. Despite family business' significance in the economy, researches are showing that most of them are struggling to survive beyond a single generation. (Krebs, 2001; Carlock & Ward, 2001). According to Theune (2000) â€Å"stories about family businesses that failed due to mismanagement or family conflict are very common.... [and] only three out of ten family businesses survive into the third generation† (p. 1). Researchers are concerned that the biggest factor in the success or failure of family businesses are the relationships between family members. Th ere are many things to consider including personal well being, family life, financial security and even standing in the community (Hubler, 1998). The implications are that each generation can either bequeath the business and the business skills to the next generation or choose to let the emotional, psychological or relational issues destroy the business (Kets de Vries, 1996). The challenge for trainers to overcome is to synchronise individual visions of the family and the business. It is this creation of a shared vision that is the work of the planner or trainer before designing and implementing any technical succession plan that sets up a family business for success (Theune, 2000). Siblings vie for positions within the company over power, status, influence and prestige. There are conflicts over succession with siblings, conflicts over succession with parents, as well as intergenerational conflict. Issues such as how a female successor deals with male resentment and domination and g ains respect have also surfaced. Family businesses suffer from the complications of hiring unqualified

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Keeping the message simple and straightforward is the key to the best forms of communication. In writing resumes, it is imperative to choose the style of resume that best suits the history that will serve your application to a company. In writing a chronological resume, the way in which an individual’s education and employment history can be developed to portray a strong history of personal achievement. This can show a proper progression toward a career goal. A skills resume will develops a picture of the accumulated skills that a potential employee has to offer a new employer. Gaps in the time period in which education and employment experience reaches toward the career goals of this applicant can be deemphasized and an overall picture of attained experience can be shown. When you know that a job position is available, the form of cover letter that should be used is the solicited letter. The solicited letter is in response to an ad, a referral, or used when the expansion of a company is well known and there is availability of a position. The beginning of this letter will state which position is being addressed, where the information that the position was available was attained, and a summary of the qualifications of the applicant should be included. The letter will end with a request for an interview. In a prospecting letter, it is more appropriate to use a bit of creativity to catch the reader’s interest before moving forward with the idea of the job prospect. In this letter, one is seeking to inspire the employer into hiring the applicant, rather than responding to a known possibility of a job In order to tailor a resume and cover letter to a specific company, it is vital to understand the way in which the organization has created its persona as an employer. As an example, the Nike company emphasizes a healthful existence and promotes

International Marketing, INDIA outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Marketing, INDIA outline - Essay Example Because of this diversity in population and culture, the food habits of the Indian population are different. India is a secular democratic country even though the majority of the population are Hindus. Most of the Hindus are vegetarians whereas Muslims and Christians are non-vegetarians. â€Å"Indias meat consumption is very low - currently 4.5 kg per capita - and it has grown by only 1 kg in the last 20 years† (Prospects for the livestock sector) whereas in vegetable consumption India became one of the prominent countries in the world. Typical meals in India are prepared from wheat, rice, barley, vegetables etc. â€Å"From 1997 to 2003: per capita food availability did not increase, and child malnutrition rates remained at very high levels, with more than 46% of children under five being underweight† (The Financial Express). An international marketer should take note of these food statistics of Indian people seriously while formulating marketing strategies for differen t regions of India Most of the Indian people are living below the poverty line and hence they may not have adequate housing facilities. Many of the Indian people are staying in temporary huts and their housing needs were not properly met by the governments till now. Most of the Indian people live in one-family or house even after their marriage because of their lack of financial abilities to purchase independent houses. Since India is a huge country with different climate zones, different types of houses are built by people living at different regions. For example, in the southern region, concrete houses are more prominent whereas in the northern regions, wooden houses are more common. The awareness about the housing types and family setups in India will give the marketer some idea about the cultural traits of India which is necessary to develop proper marketing strategies. Since India is a diverse country with respect to people,

Differentiate between Management and Leadership Essay

Differentiate between Management and Leadership - Essay Example As the report stresses the terms management and leadership have been defined and discussed with different words and perceptions ever since their evolution. To better evaluate the distinction between these two terms, it is imperative to have an insight into their meaning and essence. Bateman-Snell describes management as â€Å"the process of working with people and resources to accomplish organizational goals†. Management is about having the work done through other people under a set of pre-defined policies and procedures to fulfill the organizational goals. By the definition, a manager strives to achieve set goals through proper utilization of what is available him, in the form of human and other resources. This study discusses that outstanding leaders combine good strategic substance and effective interpersonal processes to formulate and implement strategies that produce results and sustainable competitive advantage. The definition reflects that true leadership never relies on accomplishing a goal only under some pre-defined policies. It takes to have the ‘strategic substance’ blended with ‘effective interpersonal processes’ to lead a team in a highly competitive environment. At the heart of leadership is the act of swiftly adapting the strategies to the demands of a given situation in the pursuit of obtaining the desired results. Bateman and Snell identify management in the spectrum of its four functions viz., planning, organizing, leading and controlling.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Economics - Essay Example attempted to obtain data for analysis through qualitative research method whilst attempting to use various theoretical concepts. Netting et al. on the other hand used purely qualitative research methodology by applying grounded theory in order to obtain and analyze relevant data. C. Propose at least one dependent variable and four independent variables for your study (you will use these for the Written Assignment in this module). How would you measure them? (e.g. ordinal, interval, ratio scales)? D. In your writing assignment for this module you will describe the research methodology to be used in your paper. This section will spell out the qualitative and/or quantitative methodology you would propose using as well as any sampling. In this posting, answer the following questions (the answers to which you will also document in your assignment): While carrying out research on chosen topic with questionnaire as data collection instruments, it would be advisable to obtain information on the participants’ background as well as general information such as gender and age (Leedy and Ormrod, 2010). Other personal information including name of the participants will be avoided in conducting the research. In addition, the questionnaire will have multiple choice and long structured questions. The appropriate sample size will depend on the population under investigation (Leedy and Ormrod, 2010). In any case, the sample size selected should proportionately represent the population under study. If interviews were to be used in collecting information, general questions that doe not touch on individual’s personal information should be asked (Leedy and Ormrod, 2010). Such questions should be directly linked to the subject or topic of research. Case studies are usually effective in circumstances where there are no adequate data obtained or derived from various data collection tools. In this case, the employed case studies will provide

Pre-Negotiation Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pre-Negotiation Planning - Essay Example If I can't meet the deal with IAAPA, I will find the second-hand machines from the Chinese exhibition that is going to be held the next month after IAAPA exhibition. Nevertheless, attending the Chinese exhibition, I need to inspect the machine carefully if I want to purchase the machines from the Chinese exhibition. It is because the second-hand machines are vulnerable.This is the long-term relationship because IAAPA is an annual event. It is held every year and we frequently buy previous gaming machines from them. So I will try to make a deal with them since it is going to have a positive impact on Mr. Games and IAAPA relationship, but I still need to consider the cost of the machines. If it is too high then I will politely reject their offer, but I still need to maintain the relationships.Possible conflicts:- IAAPA sets up a price more than $150,000, it is because this machine is highly demanded by gamers around the world, so they will not sell this machine for the cheap price. - W e are not going to meet at our target price, and we are having conflict to meet our target price.- As a marketing chair of the Mr.Games Company, I am having a responsibility to give the rational answer on why we are purchasing their product, or why we are not meet the deal. I will tell them that IAAPA has a good standard, and the quality of the gaming machines so we will be satisfied if we can reach deal with them. Mr.Games is going to have 10 additional Maximum Tunes for their arcades gaming station. We also are going to tell IAAPA where we are going to purchase the products if we are not meet a deal with them. I believe by being open for both sides we are going to maintain the trust. It is going to be not ethical, if finally they know we are not buying the machines from them because the price is too high, and buy from Chinese dealers instead. *QUESTIONS Is there any discount for buying 10 gaming machines? How does the maintenance of the Maximum Tune 3? *OFFERS -Anchor 10 Maximum T une 3 for $ 155,000 -Re-anchor We are Mr. Games company, a loyal customer since 1994. We have bought a lot of gaming machines from IAAPA. I hope that this can be a consideration to get a cheaper price, and we will purchase 10 gaming machines directly. Furthermore, we always provide the payment on time, and pay the whole sum in cash. We will not take a credit to pay for the Maximum Tune 3 gaming machines. *Priorities on purchasing gaming machines (based on cost) 10 Gaming Machines with cheap price *The end of meeting As the ending, I should thank them for their time. No matter reaching a deal or not I should thank

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay One of the challenging aspects about transforming a play like Shakespeares Hamlet into a film which preserves the brilliance and depth of the play as it is written is the issue of the plays minor characters. For example, in Franco Zeffirellis Hamlet (1990) which starts Mel Gibson in the lead-role, s direct emphasis on the character of Hamlet is pursued by the director and facilitated by the script. Many of the contemporary reviews of the film also focused on the lead-actor with the inference that Gibsons performance in the role of Hamlet would either make or break him as a serious actor. Reviewers were also quick to point out that Zeffirellis version of Hamlet was clearly made for a mass audience (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 142) and, as such, the movie is therefore understood to have created lowered expectations on its original release. The verdict on Gibsons portrayal of Hamlet was mostly-positive with reviewers more or less agreeing that Gibson was quite good as the prince and is certainly capable of doing justice to the lines (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 142). Also of note was the fact that Gibsons performance [was] energetic and well modulated (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 142). The end-result of promoting the central character of Hamlet and lowering expectations for the film was that the film was by and large accepted by reviewers as a success. The problem with this appraisal of the film is that it leaves out certain very important points regarding the films neglect of the sub-plots and minor characters of Shakespeares original play. Even though Hamlet is widely loved for the lines of its main character, the play offers minor characters who play crucial roles not only in terms of the plot and thematic development of the play but with regard to the plays dramatic structure and technical structure. For example, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern help to forward crucial plot developments, but they also enable the plays ironic ending. In most cases, with film-versions of Hamlet, the issue of the minor characters, and particularly the portrayal of the character, Horatio, is very difficult because both Hamlet and Horatio are characters who were conspicuously written for the stage and each functions in Shakespeares play not only as characters but as theatrical and narrative devices which may not be translatable to film. In order to more fully understand these qualities which are missing from the Mel Gibson Hamlet, it is useful to revisit the role of Horatio in the original play. Keeping in mind that Zeffirellis method was to close in rather than open up the play, (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 141) and that he makes no attempt to conceal the fact that this is a film of a play and lets the play speak for itself (Erskine, Welsh, Tibbetts, and Williams 141), the missing elements of the plays supporting cast is a huge negative for the final film. The formality of Hamlets technical structure is an important element of the play and Horatio, who is described as Friend to Hamlet, functions, essentially, the plays narrator, interpreting conflict and action for the audience. Horatios role is obvious in plays beginning when he remarks to Marcellus: A piece of him. This remark is Horatios ironic confession that he functions not only as a person in the play, but as a technical device. Horatios line is followed by Marcellus statement that Horatio .. says tis but our fantasy,/ And will not let belief take hold of him (Act I, Scene 1). This line elevates Horatios credibility with the audience who, also, are likely to be initially skeptical of the presence of the ghost of Hamlets father. From the beginning of the play it is clear that Horatio is meant to serve as the plays interpreter and his relationship with the audience is established quickly. Horatios role as narrator continues through the whole play. An example of Horatios versatility (from a technical point of view) is his role in Hamlets Dram of Eale speech in Act 1, Scene 4. Here, Horatio speaks few lines, but helps to give a rhetorical provocation for Hamlets intricate and poetically dense speech. He functions as a target for Hamlets speech which is meant, obviously, to be directed at Claudius and perhaps to Hamlet himself, and to the world. Not only is Horatios role as a narrative device enhanced in this famous scene, but a subtle elevation of his character development is evident in the way Shakespeare tacitly demonstrates Horatios friendship with and devotion to Hamlet. The example of Horatio is meant to show just a glimpse of the subtlety of expression which was lost in the Mel Gibson Hamlet, precisely because so much emphasis was placed on the lead-role. In fact, Hamlet, the character as written by Shakespeare can only be fully understood by his relationship top the minor characters and the film is totally lacking in this respect. The movie, by placing far too much emphasis on the lead actor and the plays lead character becomes one-dimensional despite fine performances from the cast. Although Mel Gibson is a strong, believable, and passionate Hamlet, the play is not granted the same depth and detail as is evident ion the original work by Shakespeare. Another example of a film-version of Hamlet which misses the brilliance and depth of the original play, but which is till a very well-made film, is Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet which as one critic mentioned, is far too long and abstract. Most film-goers would probably be put off by the critic who said Maybe if moviegoers got free T-shirts saying Ive survived Hamlet, it would boost the box office (JUST BARD TIMING? THAT 5) but this charge is a good charge against the movie because rather than embracing the intense, always-moving-forward sense of energy which is in Shakespeares Hamlet, Branagh chooses to create a more meandering, epic feeling to the story. Just as the lapse in the portrayal of the minor characters in the Mel Gibson Hamlet detracted from the cohesiveness of the film, the off-pace of Branaghs movie helps to impede the experience of Shakespeares masterpiece rather than facilitate it. Because a sense of time rushing by fast, furious, chaotic, and lethal pervades the play, Hamlet, and because events in the play as written by Shakespeare have an urgent (if fated) energy about them, the slow pace of Branaghs film is a bad-match for the central themes and emotion of Hamlet the play. This sense that the Branagh version completely missed the sense of pace for the story is evident in critical reviews which remarked that If only they could have kept the proceedings to two and a half hours, this would have been a must-see masterpiece (JUST BARD TIMING? THAT 5). That opinion is a shame because in many ways Branagh did seem to capture the spirit and themes of Hamlet very well. Despite the well-meaning and very creative approaches of both of the directors discussed above, I would agree with the critical responses which praise the actors involved in the films but slight the directors and screenwriters a little for not managing to successfully capture the wholeness of Hamlet. In one case, the director seemed too preoccupied with delivering a slid lead-performance and elevating the performances of the actors at the expense of the emotional and dynamic interrelationships between the characters in the original plat. In the second film, Branaghs version, a misplaced sense of plot-pace and mood helped to disrupt the essential emotional flow of the original play. In the latter case, the mistake is far more devastating, I think, because the whole emotional energy of the original play Hamlet rests on the feeling that life and events speed out of control, in chaos, and go by so fast one cant grasp them. A slow pace doesnt fit. In the case of Mel Gibson, his performance in Hamlet is so strong that the film is a success even if it does not actually preserve the depth and originality of the play, which was, of course, drawn itself from other versions of Hamlet and caused some degree of controversy when Shakespeare originally produced it for the Elizabethans. Works Cited Erskine, Thomas L. , James M. Welsh, John C. Tibbetts, and Tony Williams, eds. Video Versions: Film Adaptations of Plays on Video. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. JUST BARD TIMING? THAT IS THE QUESTION; Hamlet. The Mirror (London, England) 13 Feb. 1997: 5.

Major Causes Of Information Systems Failure Information Technology Essay

Major Causes Of Information Systems Failure Information Technology Essay What are the major causes of information systems failures. What strategies can organisations take to face the challenges and ensure the success. An information system project according to Ewusi-Mensah (1997) is any information technology project intended to meet the information processing need of an organization. In Critical issues in abandoned information system projects, Ewusi-Mensah(1997) stated that information system projects implementation requires collaboration of Information system staff that deploys and educate on the use of the software to drive the project, end users and management. It is a group-oriented activity organized and executed in teams and therefore subject to the unpredictability of group dynamics, interactions, coordination, and communication ( Ewusi-Mensah ,1997). An information system is a set of elements (people, data, and procedures) working together to provide useful information (Senn, 1990, p8). Also, information system (IS) is any set of information technology and peoples activities using that technology to backup operations, management, and decision-making (SEI Report, Glossary ). In a wider sense, the word information system is often used to refer to the relationship between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. Therefore, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes (Kroenke, D. M. 2008). An information system consists of computers, instructions, stored facts, people and procedures. A systems failure occurs when a system does not meet its requirements or when the level of discontentment with a system increases to the level that there is no enough provision to sustain it. Â  Information system project failure may be as a result of its inability to meet users requirements and/or overruns pertaining to budget or completion time (Yeo, K. T. 2002). Studies have shown that many failed projects are over budget, some by as much as 189%. May, L (1998) in Major causes of software failure stated that only one-sixth (16.67%) of projects are finished as schedule and within budget. An information system failure can cause financial loss, commercial embarrassment, loss of customers and revenue streams, sanctions and the loss of staff morale or stakeholder allegiance in an organization. Examples of system failures includes an alarm system that fails to sound when pressed, an automated door that fails to open and close on its own accord on approach, ammunition that detonates pre maturely, and other similar conditions. This article discusses the causes of information system project failures and strategies organizations can take to face the challenges and ensure success. The Standish group (1995) in (Yeo, K. T. 2002) classified project outcome as Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. According to the group, 16.2%,52.7% and 31.1% of projects fall into Types 1,2 and 3 classes respectively. A successful project classified as the Type 1 projects are those that were successfully implemented within the stated time and budget with all required features and functionality specified. The challenged projects classified as the Type 2 projects are those that suffer budget overruns and/ or program slips thereby failing to completely achieve its goal even though they are completed and operational while Type 3 project classified as the Impaired projects are those cancelled or abandoned at some point during the development cycle The Standish group (1995) in (Yeo, K. T. 2002). Technical failure may not necessarily be the cause of project impairment, lack of adoption of a technically faultless Information system project by end users or corporate management consequently resulting in its lack of use or underutilization denotes failure (Yeo, K. T. 2002). From this view point, Information system is said to be a socio-technical system. Land and Hirschheim (1983) described an information sys tem as a social system that uses information technology. This can be explained in the sense that as a technical system, a system that fails in an organization can be successfully implemented in another organization while as a social system an Information system can be successfully implemented in an organization while the implementation of another information system can result in failure (Davies G. B. et al, 1992). Information System as a type of socio-technical system The mediating concept between actions and technology is refer to as information systems.(Beynon-Davies P. 2009). The technical system dimension consists of both operational and functional features. The operational features apply to the technology(effectiveness of the hardware or software as well as the friendliness of the technologys user interfaces) while the functional features relate to the performance relative to expected functionality . Technology as a component of the technical system refers to hardware, software and other related technology. This pertains to the functionality of the system, whether it is up or down when a person needs to use it. User interfaces refers to the link between the human user and the software/hardware technology (input screens, output screens, paper input forms and paper output reports). Error rates in the transfer of data from one medium to another and the time that users require to become familiar with the system all constitute indicators of performance of the implemented system while Information requirements as a technical system component refers to the ability of the Information system implemented to give new capabilities than the one being replaced. Careful study of the organization to know its information need is essential ( Davies G. B. et al). The social system refers to the features of organizational setting which exist in an organization even as people enter and leave the organization. The components of this system include; acceptance/rejection of the technical system, theories in use, measures of performance to expectation and the developmental process of the system. Rejection or underutilization may be based on the premise that the introduction of new technology is instrumental to deskilling or job loss (Davies G. B. et al, 1992). Characteristic features of Information system project Information system projects are capital and labour intensive usually requiring a huge sum of money to implement. Its failure can cause a huge financial loss to an organization and therefore there is need for adequate planning before its implementation to ensure that desired expectations are met. An information system is a type of socio-technical system which is critical to the survival and well-being of companies. As a result, the right technology must be deployed and the end users educated on its use and benefits. Also, Brooks in Ewusi-Mensah (1997) stated that IS projects are conceptual in nature (i.e. it is pure thought stuff which is invisible and unvisualizable). In addition, there are certain risks and uncertainties such as large project size, unfamiliarity with the new technology and unstable information requirements associated with projects that are difficult to assess prior to the start of the project. IS projects as stated earlier are group oriented requiring members from different backgrounds and therefore require a high degree of coordination and clear lines of communication to ensure success Ewusi-Mensah (1997). Reasons for Information System implementation To increase productivity in order to maintain competitive advantage To enhance business operations through the re-engineering of an organisations processes Changes in activities of an organisation or in the nature of the organisation. Technological Changes can lead to new production processes or using alternative materials in the manufacturing process Classification of system failures There are four major categories of Information system failure according to Lyytinen and Hirschheim (1987). The categories are as follows; Process failure: this occurs when an Information system project cannot be developed within an allocated budget and/or time schedule. The project development results in overspending in both cost and time. Correspondence failure: this occurs when the objectives and goals of the systems design are not met. Interaction failure: this is attributed to the level of end-user usage or adoption or acceptance of the implemented information system. User attitudes, data packets, user satisfaction and the degree of adoption are measures of usage of information system usage. Expectation failure: this is the inability of a system to meet its stakeholders requirement, expectations or values Another classification of failures according to Ben Meadowcroft in Why Systems fail is; Hard ware design/specification error Software developmental error: this is error due to imperfect software development as a result of inadequate test run of the program and poor user interface among others End user error: this arise a result of inadequate training and/or user resistance. Majors causes of information systems failure Unclear goals: lack of well defined project goals and objectives which is key to the success of any IS project development. There is also need to state clearly the information need of an organization and also the adoption process before attempting to introduce an information system(Lucas in Davies G. B. et al 1992) Improper reporting structure/Miscommunication: since the development of large IS projects is the work of a team drawn from diverse groups of people with responsibilities to ensure the projects success which includes IS staff, end users and senior management, there is need for the establishment of clear lines of communication and well defined lines of authority and responsibility among team members. Communication in project teams is essential to sort out dispute concerning requirements of design decisions among project members (Curtis et al 1988). Inept/incompetent leadership: Poor management of the project and lack of good leadership responsible for coordination and control, measurement of progress and making of vital decisions at different phases of the project. Poor technology base or infrastructure: lack of adequate technological base needed for successful implementation of the kind of systems development being considered. According to Land in G. B. Davis et al, the distance between the existing system and the replacement system is essential for the success of an information system. Poor project management: this has to do with inadequate measurement system to measure progress and equally identify potential risks in time to mitigate them. Lack of technical competence: the technological know-how of information systems staff is very vital to the success of IS projects as lack of familiarity with an information technology new to the IS staff is contributory to IS project failure. If a user is improperly trained then the likelihood of them making major errors is increased due to their lack of knowledge of the system. Failures by reason of lack of training should not be regarded as an error due to the individual operator as is likely with a poorly designed user interface, but as a mistake by the management. Scope creep: projects excessively grand in scope usually have higher risks and higher complexities and therefore more prone to failure. Scope is the initial blueprint of an implementation plan. Faulty hardware faulty hardware can bring about serious system failure. This factor is then again an essential one that should be given due consideration together with the more common software errors. Faulty hardware should be taken into thought when designing the systems in order to try and reduce the impact of the failure. Hardware failure is not as likely to occur as software faults but can be as damaging. Poor selection decision of project team members: the project team composition is also vital for the success of the information system project. Strategies organisations can take to ensure success of information system projects. Firstly, to ensure success of information system projects there is need for a clear and well defined IS goal. Every member of the IS project management team as well as stakeholders should know the specific information requirement of the organization as well as how to go about satisfying it. This is important to guide the information requirements phase of the development process. Failure in this area will lead to fragmented efforts and lack of focus in assembling facts to guide the rest of the development (Curtis et al 1988). Secondly, the selection of competent and qualified staff to serve as members of IS project team is very vital for successful project implementation (Brooks, 1981). Team members should be those with real prior experience and who are equally familiar with the technology being deployed. Improved training of the end users will significantly reduce system failures and improve the integrity of data stored on the computer systems. The project team should consist of the most successful people of the organization (Nah et al, 2001). Lockheed Martin, a leading aeronautical group, stated that one of its keys to success was assembling a team capable of making and executing changes required (Stedman, 1999) Also, the imposition of structure on the developmental effort of the project helps to guide it to successful completion. It involves the division of the project into phases which helps the project team realize what deliverables for each stage are and to know the extent to which they have been met. It is also important that clear lines of authority, communication and responsibility among team members be drawn. This is important since the team members are drawn from diverse units. Selection of competent leaders who will ensure that proper management and control practices are adhered to and enforced in the implementation process of an Information system is vital. Adequate safeguards and oversight by management is necessary to ensure technical personnels compliance with accepted industry standards for reporting and dealing with problems uncovered in any phase of system development. The leader should be one with both application-domain knowledge and software knowledge. There should also be regular periodic meetings to discuss the systems development effort. A successful implementation of a project is only attainable when high-level executives possess a strong commitment to the project (Davenport, 2000). Senior executives at Farmland Industries demonstrated its support to project team members by providing financial incentives to motivate the project team members. The technological infrastructure available in a company needs to be critically assessed to determine it is adequate to support the kind of system development that is to be implemented. Care should be taken not to embark on IS project development until management have the assurance that the companys technological base is adequate. Assurance from the Management Information System management should be taken to reduce the risk s and uncertainties associated with system development works. There is need for the maintenance of scope. The ability to maintain scope is related to planning and this is attainable for companies both small and large. Geishecker (1999) stated that Colgate-Palmolive Company itemised scope maintenance as a contributory factor to their success. The roll out approach for the implementation of the information system project is a very important consideration under scope maintenance. There are two approaches namely the big bang approach and the gradual (phased) rollout approach. Both approaches have their prons and cons. Oil giant Chevron attributes a phased roll out to the successful implementation of an information system project. Home Depot has also successfully implemented several modules of an Information system using the phased roll out approach (Mearian, 2000). Phased roll-out approach though more expensive and usually taking longer time, offer reduced business risk (Davenport, 2000). Internal readiness/training is also vital for the successful implementation of an information system project. The most common failure factor recorded was that of readiness for change. All employees must be trained on the new system in order to prevent underutilization of the system. Also managers must understand the implication of the system and the changes it will cause. If managers are not in agreement or cooperation, then there will be no eagerness or buy-in and this may result to resistance or lack of adoption of the new system (Davenport, 2000). Planning/development /budgeting are necessary for the success of an information system project. Planning should be intimately identified with maintaining scope during an implementation. Ineffective planning results in cost overruns and development delays. Home Depot, Lockerheed Martin and Mead Corporation are examples of companies attributing success to planning. As stated earlier, many projects especially failed ones are over budget, some as much as 189 percent. Adequate testing of the system is a key element for the successful implementation of the system. It is reported that Gillette Company withstood five months of severe testing procedures before their successful go-live date (CIO, 2000). Also, Eastman Kodak was able to complete what at the time was the largest implementation on record as a result of testing (PR Newswire, 2001). Whirlpool Corporation attributes inadequate testing as its single reason for unsuccessful and costly implementation. The company gambled on its testing program by cutting down the amount of time needed to test run the new system before implementing it in a bid to meet deadlines Conclusion The goal of this was to identify the major causes of information systems failures and strategies organisations can take to face the challenges and ensure the success? Towards this goal different articles and journals were examine. The project team compostion, management support , internal readiness of the employees, existence of technolgical infrastructure able to support and sustain the new system to be implemented, well defined goals which is in line with the organizations goal, adquately tested system, clear and well defined reporting structure and good leadership are all vital ingredients to ensure the successful implementation as well as utilization of a newly deployed information system. It is to be noted that even though a system technically faultless, underutilization as a result of lack of full acceptance or understanding of how to adopt the information system for day to day operation amounts to failure of the information system. For this reason, the management must enlighte n the users of the deployed information system on the need for the change as well as attached benefits. Finally, though appropraite measures should be put in place to prevent failure of the information system project, they may still occur; but when they occur, a system failure analysis which is an investigation to determine the underlying reasons for the nonconformance to the system requirement in order to identify the causes of nonconformance equally recommend appropraite correction measures. This is because failure could have benefits expecially in relation to learning,especially in understanding the developmental process of a system and steps to take to prevent failure of future Information System development projects. Word Count = 2,932 REFERNECES Mearian, L. (2000), CEO: SAP installation caused problems, ComputerWorld, Vol. 34 No. 48, p. 20. Nah, F.F., Lau, J.L. and Kuang, J. (2001), Critical factors for successful implementation of enterprise systems, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 285-96. Ben Meadowcrof, Why Systems Fail. http://www.benmeadowcroft.com/reports/systemfailure/ Beynon-Davies P. (2009). The language of informatics: the nature of information systems. International Journal of Information Management. 29(2). 92-103 CIO (2000), Does ERP build a better business?, 15 February, pp. 114-24. Davenport, T. (2000), Mission Critical Realizing the Promise of Enterprise Systems, Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA. Geishecker, L. (1999), ERP vs best of breed, Strategic Management, March, pp. 63-6. Land, F. and Hirschheim, R. Participative Systems Design: Rationale, Tools and Techniques, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, Vol. 10, 1983. Lyytinen, K. and Hirschheim, R. Information Systems Failures A Survey and Classification of the Empirical Literature, Oxford Surveys in IT, Vol. 4, 1987, pp. 257-309. May, L. (1998), Major causes of software project failure, Crosstalk, July. The Standish Group. The CHAOS Report (1995), 1995. http://www.standishgroup.com/chaos.html.

Gender Roles in Children’s Books: An Examination of Little House in the

People use several different classification systems to help organize a complex society. For example, scientists use a system composed of hierarchies in order to place animals in their proper kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. By creating this classification system, people of society are better able to understand the relationships that these animals have with each other. Just as scientists use this hierarchy to organize animals, people use the concept of gender to classify their own kind. However, many people fail to realize that gender, unlike the system of hierarchies used by scientists to classify animals, is not biologically based. While sex is a biological concept, gender can be defined as the sociological, psychological, and cultural attributes that society associates with sex. Thus, society creates gender roles, and, accordingly, â€Å"does gender.† In other words, people require that others act out the gender roles set by society if they want to be part of the social norm. The purpose of this paper, then, is to first examine literature which discusses ways in which society â€Å"does gender†, and then examine the manner in which authors of children’s books promote these gender roles that society has assigned. Judith Lorber’s article entitled, â€Å"Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender† (Lorber, 1994) is one example of a piece of literature that examines â€Å"doing gender.† In this article, she argues that the concept of gender exists because of socialization; that is, society teaches that certain characteristics should be associated with boys while other characteristics should be associated with girls. As aforementioned, in order to demonstrate why society uses gender classifications from birth, Lorber says that people must look at gender as a social institution in that â€Å"gender is one of the major ways that human beings organize their lives† (Lorber, 1994). One of the ways that people allocate others for performing tasks in society, then, is through gender classification. After discussing socialization theory, Lorber goes on to give several examples of how people â€Å"do gender† in today’s society. For example, she discusses how men with baby carriers are stared at approvingly on the bus because these men are seen as changing the role of fathers more towards the domestic end of the spectrum, a role that was previously played only... ...ly. While Wilder’s characters exhibit traits that help to reinforce the gender norms created by society, Rowling seems to suggest that life is more interesting when these traditional gender roles are bent, just as life is more exciting at Hogwart’s than at the Dursley household. Therefore, in order for males and females to feel comfortable taking advantage of the plethora of opportunities that are available to them, members of society must strive to bend the gender roles that they have assigned. Works Cited Lorber, Judith. â€Å"Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender† Excerpts from: Paradoxes of Gender (Chapter 1) by Judith Lorber, 1994 Yale University Press. Web. http://faculty.ucc.edu/english-chewning/SocialConstructionOfGender.pdf Messner, Michael. â€Å"Boyhood, Organized Sports, and the Construction of Masculinities† Journal of Contemporary Ethnography January 1990 vol. 18 no. 4 416-444 http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/18602_Chapter_5.pdf Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. New York City: Scholastic, 1997. Print. Wilder, Laura Ingalls. Little House in the Big Woods. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. 1953.

Developing an eBusiness :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Developing an eBusiness Our Service PittsburghModel.com ( www.andrew.cmu.edu/~jrahimi/start.html ) is a database of men, women and children who are interested in modeling assignments in the Pittsburgh and surrounding areas. Some are professional models and others are either looking to make some extra money doing promotional work or are hoping to be discovered. Pittsburghmodel.com serves as an intermediary between agencies and aspiring models. The actual service we are selling works both ways. We are providing aspiring models with a hassle-free approach to becoming discovered while providing local modeling agencies with access to aspiring models, thus granting them more exposure. Referral fees and contract negotiations will be our major sources of revenue, and advertising on our web site will be our secondary source of revenue. PittsburghModel.com is the only web site of its kind in the Pittsburgh Area. Although there are thousands of modeling web sites on the Internet where one can submit pictures and profiles in order to be considered for modeling, PittsburghModel.com is different. We take into account that modeling is a very personal process, thus, our services are targeted for a local market, where we can build lasting relationships with our models and agencies. The fact that we are only working with aspiring models in the Western Pennsylvania area will make our business and services very exclusive. Models that submit their profile onto our web site will be treated as individuals, not statistics, and since we are putting forth a personal approach with our models, they will have confidence and trust in PittsburghModel.com. We generally accept men and women of all weights and heights as well as children of all ages. What most people don't realize is that there are modeling opportunities for everyone. Our potential customers are men, women, and children that are either professional models looking for more exposure, or aspiring models that want to give a shot at modeling. The fact that this is a hassle free environment, our primary customers will be aspiring models. On the other side of our business will be the local modeling agencies. We will work with all of the major agencies in Pittsburgh and guarantee them more exposure and access to models, in return for a referral fee and future contract negotiation fees. Each model has at least one picture and a profile which includes all of the model's vital information as well as other information about availability, experience and interests.

Cowardliness? - Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Cowardliness? (Edgar Allan Poe – The Masque of the Red Death) Each person is individual. We actually act differently in the same situations. But the situation does not have to be so problematic and so stressing for each of us. Somebody will stay and face the arising problem and somebody will run away as quickly as possible. However still there is something we all have in common, we all hide a coward in ourselves. No matter how powerful, wealthy and strong we are, everybody is scared by something. This fatal fear makes us to do everything possible to avoid it and if there is no other way just to escape from it. But are we therefore cowards? There are lots of kinds of threats. Some of us are afraid of different sorts of animals, some are afraid of height, some are afraid of closed vessel, etc. However, the most usual fear is a fear of death. Also this piece of literature is about such a fear and what it can do to human. Poe chooses plague as his tool of death. He takes his time to perfectly describe how enormous threat such a plague can be: â€Å"No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous.† Another terrifying fact is that the plague is incredibly quick and therefore there is practically no chance to be cured: â€Å"At the whole seizure, progress and termination of the disease, were the incidents of half and hour.† To support the idea of dread, Poe is also describing the process of the horrible and painful dying: â€Å"There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness and the profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution.† Moreover we can feel a certain respect to it. The author even calls it by a name â€Å"The Red Death† and uses capital letters. He is animating it this way and the reader realises it is not so easy to escape from it. So it is not surprising people are so thrilled by it. Maybe it is also because it is so painful. Maybe because it is extremely quick or maybe because it kills without any control. No matter if you are man, woman or child, if you are young or old, if you are rich or poor, etc. Poe uses a great example of what is human able to do to protect his own life. The Prince Prospero, â€Å"happy, and dauntless and sagacious† man has such a fear that he decides to isolate himself in a big fortress with â€Å"a strong and lofty wall girdled it in.

Mexican Food

The increasing number of immigrant population in the US, is topped by the Mexican presence with more than 8.5 Million legal immigrants (Mexico’s National Council of Populations, Sept. 2001). The United States is therefore slowly inheriting traditions brought about by the oldest and newest Mexican inhabitants. One cannot even deny that anything to do with the Mexican culture has gained popularity in TV shows and advertisements endorsing Mexican products to radio programs playing guitars and crooning Spanish love songs. Mexican immigrants and their descendants are also becoming socially and culturally influential as their way of life seeps into the contemporary American politics, food and daily living that will soon redefine the nation’s identity. The demand for Mexican foods has increased and slowly becoming part of the mainstream culture and threatening to displace the long-time Italian and Chinese ethnic favorite foods. The unwillingness of Mexican immigrants to assimilate the American culture with strict preference over their own traditions (Smith, 1997: 112) is evident in their traditional choice of food in a new host country. As members of the leading minority group, Mexicans are coming out from obscurity and are collectively insisting a tangible conception of their democratic culture through cuisine (Rivera, 2006:4). This is creatively presented in their attachment to their native Hispanic Mexican foods that has created a common link between the Americans and Mexicans through the culinary arts. Mexican Traditional Food Mexican foods are becoming so popular and quite evident with the sales boost of salsa product outstripping ketchup sales in the United States. Tortillas are also becoming commonly needed in American palates with popular sandwich wraps replacing traditional breads (US, Levine; 2004: 32). American people are truly catching on the flavor of Mexican food that is intense and has varied spices (Wood, 2004:215). The original Mexican foods are rich in terms of proteins, vitamins, and minerals though it is characterized by some as spicy. Corn particularly presented in corn tortillas, plays a fundamental role in the Mexican cuisine along with beans as another major staple ingredient (Wood; 215). Such food staples are often boiled and fried. Beans are also high in fiber with an anti-oxidant benefit which is excellent against disposing unwanted cholesterol and for cancer prevention. Along with avocados used in salads, soups and other main dishes, hot chili peppers are mixed with most Mexican dishes which are mostly served fried to provide the characteristic spice for flavor mostly composed of jalapeno, poblano, habanero, cascabel and pasilla as the most common spicy ingredients. Protein-rich Mexican Diet In the Mexican food, cilantro or Chinese parsley is a very popular herb used in salsa and sauces. It’s composition of phytonutrients, flavonoids and acid compounds are known to help control blood sugar, lower cholesterol levels and fight infection with its antimicrobial properties. Along with fresh tomatoes in the Mexican salsas, they’re used in most sauces and soups. Its lycopene-rich composition is a potent antioxidant and a rich source of vitamin C, A and K. The papaya fruit is also a popular in the Mexican diet especially during breakfast which could be eaten as is or mixed with salsa. Papaya has been known to protect against heart disease, colon cancer and supportive to the immune system. It is also beneficial for digestion with its papain enzyme component particularly a good aid for digestion. When properly prepared, the benefits are well accepted in the human body with the best long-term effects. Food Preparation In Mexico, Mexican food preparation is fraught with traditional practices. In the preparation of salsa and tortillas and tamales especially during holidays, fire from the preparation is put out with either milk or butter and not water as a superstition of consistency in the food preparation is believed. As an ethnic group, Mexicans in the US do survive the ritual practices of religious and syncretic content, where the main offerings are food and beverages, such as mole during religious holidays like All Souls’ Day tamales or Saint Cross’ Day barbacoa (West, 1988:208) is upheld. These foods though take a lengthy preparation process yet in   Mexico’s different regions particularly in the rural areas during San Isidro Labrador’s feast day (West: 208),food is prepared as in a healthy manner and not merely fried with fat-rich oils. Mexican Cuisine adaptation in the US Mexican food demands created a major influence on American meals as shown by studies that Americans are currently eating Mexican foods four times more compared to 20 years ago (Wood: 216). Food chains are emulating the Mexican trend according to the Institute of Food Technologists (Dept of State, 2004) who claimed that Mexican food has almost doubled in popularity among people who cook regularly, from 44 percent in 1985 to 86 percent in 2003. According to them the weak link between the super-sized and super-fattened food sold as Hispanic or Mexican in the United States is the main problem as the Americanized version is loaded with calories. Further it is believed that as Hispanic people blend in with American culture, Hispanic would soon take in the food preparation and eating habits of the American people as they too are transformed into busybodies. While there is a mixture of both cultures in food preparation, the unhealthy element is retained as busy American-Mexicans hasten to prepare food faster fried in rich oils. Food and health relationships The traditional Mexican diet is advantageous but the American-Mexican is not! Staple as the main food composed of beans, corn and squash has a higher content of complex carbohydrates which is emphasized by the consumption of other fruits and vegetables. However when liberal amounts of fat are added through stewing or frying instead of baking or broiling, the purpose of a healthy diet is defeated. Fried foods which is a growing trend to a faster preparation needs fat-rich products which leads to obesity and contributes to diabetes, hypertension and a combination of these illnesses (Lisabeth and Kaplan: 2006). Cutting down on fat, sodium and sugar in the diet would ultimately reverse the effects. It would be beneficial if the carbohydrate intake could be increased by eating servings of bread, pasta, fruits and vegetables. Spanish rice can be served with potatoes and beans as well. Corn tortillas should also be made using whole wheat flour and made with unsaturated fats such as canola oil, soybean or corn instead of lard. Avoidance of too much soft drink would also spell health as the American-Mexican drinks more water. Corn chips are also health-wise when baked instead of fried and avoidance of salty foods would mean a modified healthful Mexican meal with flavored garlic, cumin, regain, cilantro and other spices. Works Cited Smith Robert. (1997). The City and the World: New York’s Global Future in Margaret E. Crahan, Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush (eds.). Council on Foreign Relations. Lisabeth, Lynda D. and Kaplan, Norman D. (2006). Mexican-Americans at Higher Risk for Second Stroke. Annals of Neurology, Sept. Rivera, John Michael. (2006). The Emergence of Mexican America: Recovering Stories of Mexican Peoplehood in U.S. Culture. NYU Press. United States. Department of State Reports.   (2004). Americans at the Table Reflections on Food and Culture. Diane Publishing. West, John. (1988). Mexican-American Folklore. Arkansas: August House. Wood, Andrew Grant. (2004). On the Border: Society and Culture Between the United States and Mexico. Rowman & Littlefield.

Polysemy

Polysemy Polysemy comes from Neo-Latin polysemia, which comes from Greek polusemous [poly- (many) + sema (sign)] giving us a linguistic term, â€Å"having many meanings† or multiple meanings. Most of lex. items in English are polysemantic. Ex. : – family – She lost both of her parents. – parent – Envy is the parent of all evils. My family comes from Scotland. The cat family includes lions & tigers. ( ) A family of languages, etc. There are monosemantic words: Ex. : a lorry, a loudspeaker Different meanings of one & the same word are closely interrelated.Polysemy is a result of: 1. Shifts in application ( ? ) Ex. : adj. red: red ink (is really red), red hair, red deer, red cabbage, red Indian 2. Specialization: Ex. : partner Basic meaning; a type of relationship between 2 or more people. – business partner – marriage partner – partner in crime 3. Metaphorical extension (a fundamental feature of any language) Ex. : leaf of a tree – leaf of a book, hands of a person – hands of a clock Polysemy has been complicated by the tendency of words to pick up the meanings from other dialects, languages & slang. Ex. : executiveBrE – one who acts under the direction of somebody – AmE – a manager now: AmE meaning is more widely used. New & old meanings become interrelated, form a hierarchy. They have some common semantic features, which preserve the integrity of the word. First, we have count/mass alternations for nouns, which can serve several functions: (13) Animal/meat: a. The lamb is running in the field. b. John ate lamb for breakfast. (14) Object/Stuff an object is made up: a. There is an apple on the table. b. There is apple in the salad. (15) Stuff/Kind: a. There was cheese on the table. b. Three cheeses were served. 16) Stuff/Portions: a. The restaurant served beer, and so b. we ordered three beers. Plant/food alternation: (17) a. Mary watered the fig in the garden. b. Mary ate the fig. We have alternations between containers and contained: (18) a. Mary broke the bottle. b. The baby finished the bottle. Figure/Ground reversal: (19) a. The window is rotting. b. Mary crawled through the window. Product/producer alternation, e. g. newspaper, Honda: (20) a. The newspaper fired its editor. b. John spilled coffee on the newspaper. Process/result alternation: (21) a. The company’s merger with Honda will begin next fall. b.The merger will lead to the production of more cars. Alternations involving location: (22) Building/institution, e. g. university, bank (see above) (23) Place/people: a. John traveled to New York. b. New York kicked the mayer out of office. (24) Capital/government, e. g. Washington accused Havana not to do enough for the victims. Being able to distinguish between polysemy words and homonym words is not easy. Dictionaries treat cases of multiple meanings either as polysemy or as homonymy, but in fact it is not always easy to decide which one we are dealing with, and dictionaries sometimes differ in their decisions.Are â€Å"table† (furniture) and â€Å"table† (arrangement of data) two different words, or the same word with two meanings? Dictionaries usually go for the latter solution, on the grounds of a shared etymology. On the other hand, â€Å"a pupil† (in school) and the â€Å"pupil† (of the eye) are usually listed as different words; although in fact they have the same historical origin. And contrast this with the following cases of meaning variation, which illustrate polysemy: (6) a. The bank raised its interest rates yesterday. b. The store is next to the newly constructed bank. c.The bank appeared first in Italy in the Renaissance. (7) a. John crawled through the window. b. The window is closed. c. The window is made of security glass. (8) a. The farm will fail unless the drought ends soon. b. It is difficult to farm this land. (9) a. The store is open. b. The thief tried to open the door. There are two important differences: 1. First, it is immediately obvious to speakers that the meanings of a polysemous expression are related to each other. This is typically not the case for homophonous expressions, even though they may be historically related as well (cf. ome of the examples above). 2. Second, polysemy is regular. For example, we find the three meanings illustrated with bank in (6) (specific institution, building that houses the institution, and the type of the institution) with university as well. Similarly, we find the three meanings of window illustrated in (7) (path, opening, and concrete object that can close an opening) with door. Polysemy is rarely a problem for communication among people. We are so adept at using contextual cues, that we select appropriate senses of words effortlessly and uncounsiously.The sheer number of senses listed by some sources as being available to us usually comes as a surprise: out of approximately 60000 entries in webs ter’s seventh dictionary 21488 or almost 40 % have two or more senses. Moreover the most commonly used words tend to be polysemious. The verb run, for example, has 29 senses in webster's furter divided into nearly 125 subsenses. These systematic aspects make polysemy an important field of study of synchronic and generative linguistics. Polysemy is a pivotal concept within disciplines such as media studies and linguistics.

Understanding The British National Curriculum Education Essay

In understanding the factors that led historically to the formation of the Education National Curriculum, it is of import to understand the place of Britain troughout history in the past three centuries in footings of socio-economical construction, political tendencies, spiritual clime every bit good as the place of the state in the international sphere, both economically and socially. With these three facets together, and the different historic events and statute laws that took topographic point during the XIX and XX century, it becomes clear the grounds, motives and necesities that led to the establishement of such course of study within the already established instruction construction of the state, every bit good as its aims and intents. The British Government attached small importance to instruction until the terminal of the nineteenth century, nevertheless there is grounds of the alteration in outlook before the terminal of the century. It all began on 1807 when Samuel Whitbread, a title-holder of spiritual and civil rights, and a advocate of a national instruction system he proposed the abolishment ofA bondage, ( 1 ) proposed a new hapless jurisprudence, set uping a free educational system -two old ages of instruction for those unable to pay- the step was of class seen excessively extremist for the clip and therefore easy defeated in the house of common. ( 2 ) This thought is nurtured chiefly to the clime of the clip, where higher categories of society had no involvement in cultural developement, the relationship that Britain had with other states was wholly perpendicular, Britain had a repute and position and has ever been more concetrated in colonial adquisitions, external growing and power, Britain was taking t he universe in industry and commercialism, there was a individualistic feeling that instruction would somehow take attention of itself. ( 3 ) The Idea of instruction for the multitudes remained within the spirit of the times, but it merely started to derive existent involvement on the 2nd half of the nineteenth century when the commercial and fabricating domination of Britain was in diminution in comparisson to other European opposite numbers ( 4 ) it now seemed financiable feasible to hold educated work force. At that clip, the Church of England was responsible for most schools, aˆzBefore 1870, instruction was mostly a private matter, with affluent parents directing their kids to fee-paying schools, and others utilizing whatever local instruction was made available † ( 5 ) . It became clear that instruction needed to ( surpass ) that frontier of elite, and be more centrered towards the multitudes, In the 2nd half of the nineteenth century, non merely Britain ‘s domination was in diminution, but offense, indigence and societal hurt increased every bit good, as a mark of deficiency of a developed instruction system, political and societal stableness were now linked with instruction of the people ( 6 ) It is merely until 1870 that we can see existent State intercession in the instruction field, The Education Act of 1870 drawn by William Edward Foster, and therefore known as aˆzthe Foster Act † , gave birth to the modern instruction system in England ( 4,6 ) ( 5 ) , at the clip the Chancellor of the Exchequer, A Robert Lowe, remarked that the authorities would now â€Å" have to educate our Masterss. † ( 7 ) It can be seen clearly that there was an promotion in outlook towards instruction of the people and the hereafter of the state ; this act stressed four chief points: foremost, the state will be divided into School territories. Second, School Boards were to be elected by ratepayers in each territory. Third, School Boards were to analyze the proviso of simple instruction in their territory, and do agreements if necessary. And 4th, school Boardss could do their ain by-laws, leting them to to charges fees if necessary. It was an establishement of simple schools nati onally, non replacing those schools run and/or erected by the Church or any other independent organic structure, but it supplemented them. ( 8 ) Following to the Foster Act, many others followed such as: TheA Free Education Act 1891, TheA , TheA Voluntary Schools Act 1897, which stresses in countries such as support and mandatory age departure, started to aˆzmodernised † and hammer the instruction system that we know, Later acts such as The Education Act 1902, abolished school boards and created Local Education Authorities ( LEA ) and the 1918 Fischer Act which concentrates on mandatory age of go forthing school for Secondary. ( 5 ) A good structured Education system was being born in England, driven by the demand to hold skilled and qualified work force, what followed is the 1944 Education act besides know as the Buttler Act which changed the instruction system for secondaryA schoolsA implementing a three-party eduation system and secondary instruction free for all students ( 9 ) . And therefore replacing all old statute law. 1944 Education Act was an effort to make the construction for the post-war British instruction system ( 10 ) It merely took consequence until 1947 after WWII. WWII played an highly of import function in the vision that politicians had on instruction. In consequence, the illustration set by other European states in footings of political and societal balance – everyone else seemed to be making better than England, chiefly because they had better instruction systems, what stroke the most was the promotion in engineering that Germany showoff during the war ( 13 ) , the astonish organisation of its people, the trueness to the Nazi cause, and the fact that they were all prosecuting the same end. This opened the eyes, non merely of the British but to the universe. A The Nazis were cognizant that instruction would make loyal Nazis by the clip they reached maturity, schools were to play a critical portion in developing a loyal following for Hitler – indoctrination and the usage of Nazi propaganda. The exclusive intent of this educational construction was to make a future coevals that was blindly loyal to Hitler and the Nazis. ( 11 ) T his historic event Lashkar-e-Taiba to favor the formation of a national course of study, non to follow Hitler ‘s stairss per Se, but learn from the instruction experience, nevertheless, there is the uncertainty and fright of political indoctrination, in the formation of such course of study. There was nevertheless a strong motive to educate the people, produce better citizens and better workers, the British were now more concentrated in quality of the labor instead than measure. ( 12 ) The existent revolution in instruction statute law came in 1988 with the instruction reform act, which is so far the most of import since Butler ‘s act, with this reform was born the National Curriculum ( 14 ) , so far the most of import proviso, giving an estatury entiletlement to larning for all, irrespective of gender, race, or particular state of affairs, finding what should be taught, how, and when, it besides sets attainment marks for larning and how this should be buttockss. ( 15 ) The British goverment eventually understood that it is of import to form instruction in the state without allowing anyone out, they besides understtod the demand of educated people, non merely in the work force but every bit good educated individuals, fostering with moral and values, instruction became the reflection of a whole society and society is what makes a state, We have seen the yesteryear of Education in the British society and how small importance it had in times when power and wealth seemed the most of import, we have besides seen how a individualistic policy on instruction did non convey any strengh to society or feeling of collectivity, it is seen every bit good the different motives and alterations in outlook towards instruction for the multitudes throutout history, many pieces of statute laws and Acts of the Apostless have been drafted in order to procure educated coevalss to come. Knowing every bit good the place of power, influence and wealth that England has ever represented in the planetary sphere, and following the repercusions and experiences from WWII, it was merely a affair of clip for England to get down believing in puting in its people, in making a society that reflects the wealth and power that it endevours, and that society is built throughout instruction, and the creative activity of the National course of study sets the standards to the bringing of such instruction cognizant and antiphonal to alterations in society and the economic system, cognizant of the demand to nourrish a multi-ethnical society in the religious, moral, societal and cultural countries accommodating to the demands and demands of the clip. Society reflects a state, and a state reflects society, the National course of study allows today to educate both, the hereafter state, and the society to come. B- demonstrate apprehension of the National Curriculum by demoing how it makes commissariats for run intoing the holistic demands of all scholars. The art of holistic instruction lies in its reactivity to the diverse acquisition manners and demands of germinating human existences. ( 16 ) Having an holistic attack means taking into history and consideration the complete individual, both, physically and psycologicaly, in instruction sector this is based in giving sense to individuality to every scholar, a intent in life and connexions to a collectivity. The National Curriculum in Enlgand promotes develoment in many different countries that can be qualified as aˆzholistic † in the sense that their intent is to further a balanced instruction in the cognition or academic field and the pastoral or more psychological attention of each student every bit good. The National Curriculum makes assorted commissariats to run into this holisctic demands such as the publicity of religious, moral, societal and cultural attitudes and apprehensions, besides advancing cardinal accomplishments, believing accomplishments and other of import facets ( 17 ) that will enable every student to develop independent logical thinking and thought, in order to do determinations and be an active and right member of this society, both intelectually and moraly. We will travel throught this commissariats to show how the National Curriculum purpose to run into the holistic demands of every scholar regardles. In a quickly altering society, it is of import to hold a course of study that will accommodate to its sudden cahnges, that is why the four chief intents of the course of study are set in a manner that will enable everyone to be antiphonal to the demands of the clip, these four chief intents are, first: to set up an entitlement of countries of surveies and develop of cognition. Second, set uping standars of public presentation and assesment in order to analyze the acquisition advancement. Third, advancing continuty and coherency that will enable scholars to ease passages in a fast moving society and 4th, advancing public understanding go forthing to the populace the right to discourse about educational issues, giving the collectivity assurance in the openensees of its work. By this, it is intendend to vouch to the collectivity effectual ways to run into the single demands of every kid by clearly and transparently set uping this four chief intents in instruction. Bing a really of import facet taking into history the age of the scholars, the National Curriculum has been developed in a cognitive manner, this is with the porpuse of making a more balanced and relaxed manner of acquisition, run intoing the demands of each student at the right phase of their developement. That is why the National course of study its organized and establishes cardinal phases, every Children develop at different rates and this is of import to non allow anyone behind, and besides to guarantee the same criterions of instruction and acquisition across the state. This rigourous facet of the Curriculum intends to run into the demands of the scholars holistically, by being cognizant of the external and internal influences of a whole coevals in a state, giving coherency in what is being taught and taking into history the aging factor. Anotherimportant constituent of the National course of study is Religious instruction ; on despite of the fact that parents are free to retreat their kids from these, it remains a basic constituent of the course of study it is considered to do a typical part to the School curiculum by developing the student ‘s cognition and apprehension of spiritual beliefs, by which student ‘s will see and react to a assortment of of import inquiries related to thier ain religious developement, develop individuality and comon properties and values in the comunity ( 17 ) . Great United Kingdom has been chiefly Christian, but other chief faiths presented in Britain and must be taken into history. The religious facet of a human being plays an of import function in its developement and the National course of study provides guidelines to further this, in a multi-ethnic society. Other Aspects that promotes the national course of study are the developent of accomplishments. In consequence, the National curiculum promotes Key accomplishments and believing accomplishments as portion of the learning experience. Key accomplishments are intended to assist scholars in understanding how can they better and perfom better in their ain instruction, these are embeded in the National course of study, in all topics, students will be taught accomplishments such as: communicating, Application of Numberss, information and engineering, working with others, bettering ain acquisition and job resolution. Skills that will non merely nurture their academic instruction but will enrich their interaction with the outside universe. Thinking accomplishments, on the other manus complement the latter and will give students all the tools to hold originative and analytical thought, concluding deducting and measuring accomplishments, leting students to understand the why and how of their en vironment. The National Curriculum promotes fiscal facets, as is of import presents to be cognizant of the alterations in the economic system and be cognizant and informed costumiers, to do inteligent fiscal determinations aware of the responsabilities and rights as knowing costumiers. In order to make it so, the national course of study Promotes the adquisition of, fiscal capableness cognition, entreprise and entreprenual accomplishments that will enable student ‘s to hold some foundation cognition if they consider as a calling way, and the publicity od instruction for sustainalbe development, which encourage student ‘s to understand and value the taking portion in how we do things separately and in jointly. We have seen how in order to accommodate to a altering environement the National course of study has set standards to run into these alterations and how the age factor is an of import issue in the delivering of the instruction that the national curiculum promotes, being cognizant that as human beings we develope at different rates. It besides takes into consideration Religious instruction, which enlighten head and psyche in the apprehension of ourselfs as existences. With all this clear and put up as a statury entitlement for student ‘s in England, it is clear that the National course of study aims to the bringing of an academic and pastoral instruction in a balanced manner and therefore holding an holistic attack, giving chnces to all scholars to develop at thier rate and supplying order and standards to pedagogues in order to present such instruction, the face of the state relies on the developemtn of their pupils, and its of import for a state to hold educated people in cogn ition and sound in head, ready to do portion of a multiethnical society. C- Understand the strenghts and failings of the National Curriculum The National Curriculum is the most indispensable and of import tool for instructors and it has been a radical attack to instruction in this state. Delopping Differentiated lesson be aftering skils: Learning outcome a ) : In showing apprehension of the cardinal countries of a lesson program, A lesson program is a instructor ‘s elaborate description of the class of direction for an single lesson, it should promote scholars to come on and actuate them to better in their work, it should besides excite involvement and committedness and willing to go on the acquisition. To accomplish this consequences, it is really of import to hold a clear apprehension of the cardinal countries of a lesson program, their intent, their significance and impact in the lesson itself and really significantly, be proactive in the version of varied attacks in turn toing all scholars demands in each cardinal country of the lesson in order to distinguish every acquisition demand, making an environment conducive to larning for all. A quality lesson program must be a contemplation of the school vision every bit good as doctrine and evidently incorporating the National Curriculum guidelines both in the pastoral and faculty members, doing commissariats for student ‘s different acquisition demands, these should non be time-consuming and should go a instructor ‘s 2nd nature. A good composed lesson program allows any individual educated in the topic to present a lesson without any further inside informations, merely utilizing the lesson program as a usher. There are six cardinal countries in a lesson program. 1 ) General Background: is the elaborate information about the lesson, such as: day of the month, Year group, schoolroom figure, unit of work, capable, support available, figure of SEN students, hazard appraisal, links to National Curriculum and type of students ( mix-abilities, mono cultural, multiethnic, etc ) all these information will enable the instructor to cognize, What, Where, and Who, is he traveling to learn and by cognizing these inside informations, the instructor can so accommodate or make teaching resources consequently. 2 ) Lesson Objective: What do you desire your pupils to larn as a consequence of the lesson? In a nutshell, the reply to this inquiry is a ‘lesson aim ‘ . A Lesson aim should be clear, realistic and mensurable, ever be cognizant of what grade degree the lesson program is being put in topographic point for. ( page 20 ) it shows the keywords of the lesson, the instructor must cognize ; where the pupils are heading, how are they making at that place and cognize when they have arrived ( page 34 ) A lesson aim is what the instructor wants to accomplish with the students, these must be consistent and ever within the model of the National Curriculum programme of survey. 3 ) Learning results: is what the scholar will be able to make as a consequence of the learning experience. They vary depending on the student ‘s ability, larning results are a tool to analyze larning procedure in certain students and cognize where to better, they should be differentiated and ever tailored in what the students will accomplish, it is of import to utilize formats such as: all students will be able to†¦ Most students will be able to†¦ Some students will be able to. Teachers should fix or accommodate resources beforehand at different degrees to let students to progress at their rate, besides encourage pupils and portion the aims in the schoolroom so that they can do determinations about their ain betterment, the instructor must of class apply many different schemes to accomplish distinction. Harmonizing to Bloom Learners should profit from: cognitive, affectional and psycho-motor spheres, that is why is really of import for instructors to fix a big assortment of resources to enable a benefit acquisition, believing about the acquisition manners of the students and accommodating all of these exhaustively. The instruction should concentrate on the peculiar intelligences of each individual ( multiple intelligence H.Gardner ) . 4 ) Starter: it can be defined as an â€Å" attending grabber † , instructors as portion of their lesson bringing must be originative and believe in ways to catch and motivate attending to the lesson, a starting motor is defined by many as a â€Å" merriment based † activity that will light wonder. Creativity can be in any signifier, the starting motor should be brief, leting student ‘s head to acquire involvement in the topic doing them desire to cognize more. Starters can be linked as good with old topics to transport on continuity of the lesson, ever bearing in head to utilize every bit much as possible all acquisition manners, besides maintaining in head schemes to catch the attending of SEN students who might non be every bit excited as his equals in cognizing more about the lesson, ever have distinction as a 2nd nature. 5 ) Main Lesson: Is the period of clip in which scholars are taught about a peculiar topic or taught how to execute a peculiar activity, In other words, is the bringing of the lesson by the instructor ; the transportation of cognition, it should be in an oderly manner, utilizing as much instruction methods and ressources as possible in order to incorporate all acquisition manners and larning intelligences ( H Gardner ) . It is the responsibility of the instructor to construct some sort of motive from the portion of his student ‘s into the lesson and therefore, enabeling an enthusiastic acquisition. The chief lesson can include: Videos, equal talk, arguments, treatments, visits from people into the schoolroom. There should be a assortment of pupil activities, they should be engaged, active, non inactive in order to reenforce the acquisition experience, this activity portion takes topographic point shortly after the learning experience. 6 ) The Plenary: The plenary helps Students to hold an overall image of what they are larning ; What have we learned today from this/these activities? Pupils normally reflect their troubles and uncertainties, these can be discussed and assist clear common troubles ; Summary notes can be given at the terminal. After completion of work it is of import to travel over any common troubles with the group, it is of import to inquire for feedback from the category as a whole in order to sum up what has been learned, the plenary can be a really interesting portion of a lesson for rawness or new instructors as ain learning public presentation can be buttockss to see if the primary lesson aim is being met, instructors can so recognize what is traveling incorrect in the bringing of their ain instruction through the plenary. Lesson program is a strict method to construction what is traveling to happen in the lesson. Lesson program is an art non a Science, ( 442 learning today ) Which lead to the conclude that a lesson program is the key for a succesful lesson, be aftering carefully and thourufully each lesson, taking into history the demands of the pupils, encounter unexpected state of affairss, ever believing in fixing excessively much because at the terminal of the twenty-four hours: fail to program is plan to neglect. B ) Explain how a lesson program can run into the demands of single scholars: Inclusion, distinction, diverseness, entitlement, equal chances, particular demands, personalised acquisition, guaranting equal chances†¦ All of these constructs are highlighted strongly to trainee instructors and ever brought up as if it was the most of import constructs in instruction ; and the world is so that those constructs are the most of import and the first that should be bared in head at all times when desiring to learn in an UK schoolroom, constructs that must go an automatism in the instruction profession. The UK is hitherto a multiethnic and cultural society that has put equality of rights at the top, ground why instruction must reflect the same vision and values. But how can a lesson program meet the demands of single scholars in a schoolroom where every person might hold a larning demand? It will be illustrated the issue of inclusive instruction and blend abilitiy in the schoolroom and how a good prepared lesson program can run into the demands of single scholars and have an inclusive attack. In 1978 Baroness Warnock in the early 1980s laid the foundation for the Statement of Particular Education Needs: a lawfully binding assesment guaranteeing ressources for kids with terrible demands, she denounced every bit good segregation in the schools and coined the term SEN. The rule of Inclusion is that kids with Special Educational NeedsA ( SEN ) A or a Disability have the right to be educated in Mainstream Schools alongside other kids from their community instead than being educated in Particular Schools ( cita ) . Chief instruction demands are the undermentioned: Cognitive and learning troubles ( dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia ) Autistic spectrum troubles Behavioural, societal and emotional troubles Sensory and physical ( Ocular and hearing damages ) Interaction troubles ( EAL-English ) Inclusion can be seen as a â€Å" top up † for integrating, is about taking all possible barriers that avoid development, larning and engagement in the school, and that includes outlining every lesson program in this manner. Teachers can ever see his student ‘s particular demands and integrate appropiate schemes and resources on his lesson programs, they should non be necessarirly clip or money consuming and should be, of class effectual. There are nevertheless state of affairss in which the demand of the student is terrible and such an attack can be unequal in run intoing certain student ‘s demands, in these instances, particular commissariats and IEPs Individual Education Plan, can assist the concerned student in accomplishing identified marks in his acquisition, and therefore bettering by placing his acquisition manner. IEP will be explained more in deepness in subdivision ( D ) of this faculty. As a consequence of inclusion, integrating and diverseness in the schoolroom, instructors face themselves with the disputing undertaking of presenting lesson to mix-abilities students. Education in the UK is dealt in a cognitive patterned advance ( citacion ) , The National Curriculum sets marks and attainment degrees, their porpuse is to differeantiate that students have different abilities, they all have differences in larning manners, different ways of thought and penchants, Hence the ground why instructors must incorporate sustainable and mensurable acquisition challengeces, incorporating a assortment of activiy for each acquisition and ability group in order to widen their abilities. An illustration would be as illustrated in extension where, as shown in this lesson program for twelvemonth 3, teacher introduce all VAK acquisition manners into his lesson program, doing every bit good commissariats and agreements for pupils who might show a deficiency of â€Å" inclusion † to the mainstream lesson, the instructor had the old acknoledgemt about his schoolroom, cognizing that he has two statemented students, an autistic and an ADHD. Teacher has made commissariats for a rich lesson in ressources and VAK manners ( citacion ) , taking into history the fact tthat they will be pushed to develop their manner of acquisition and apprehension, challenged to transport on their acquisition in mainstream at the same clip that their equals, this will give assurance to them, promoting, doing them portion of the lesson as a whole, inluding them, incorporating them into the lesson, which is precisely what the National Curriculum says. Teachers should understant of class, how far to force and how, understand the restrictions of the scholars. When a instructor sees a mark of dismay e.g, a student left buttocks and lost in the lesson, is the instructor ‘s responsibility to hold made old commissariats and take inmediate action to assist metting that peculiar student ‘s larning demand. Teacher can foremost, as portion of his lesson, expect this state of affairss originating and have a â€Å" back up † program to back up, they should be effectual but non draining and devouring that would deflect the instructor from the remainder of the students ( see annex â€Å" particular commissariats † ) outlining an IEP in instances where there is a echt strong trouble, it ‘s the tool will let us in placing the putrefaction of these troubles every bit good as in understanding how to make this scholar, what is his larning manner? and the particular commissariats that will be done for him, would be discovered, and easier to implement in the hereafter. See IEP ( subdivision vitamin D of this faculty ) We must non forger that as instructor, we will hold the chance to meet many gifted and talented students, who themselves, happened to hold a acquisition demand, in fact, if as instructor we concentrate excessively much in presenting a lesson aim without fixing more in deepness ressources and cognition, these pupils will non be benefeting of and appropriate instruction, these students demonstrate leading, enterprise, creativitenes, high degree of practical accomplishments, so there must be commissariats done to run into these demanding demands as the group is achieveng every bit good in its many different abilities. Research and observations from pedagogues has led to a big assortment of learning methods, research done by Professor John Hattie concluded that successful methods portion three caractheristics: They set disputing undertakings, pupils and teacher get enlightening feedback and that the instruction was constructivist. Reasoning that after all the instruction procces should include both parties constatntly germinating ( Student – Teacher ) and have a duologue attack. Learning from surveies done about instruction will enable instructors in many different ways about presenting an inclusive education.Teachers must do certain to adquire as much academic cognition sing inclusion as possible and use in many different ways, being an energetic proactive individual willing to enthusiastically and objectively present a lesson program with the entirely nonsubjective in head ( in the head of the instructor ) , of doing that lesson aim for the twenty-four hours make great larning results from the portion of the students, and repetition that every twenty-four hours. c. Be able to follow an inclusive lesson program for a mix-ability group. D ) Be able to show apprehension of an IEP. When do we compose an IEP? More than merely understanding an IEP, cognizing when to use one is the existent challenge. When the expected consequences in the student larning are non met, and there are marks of dismay, an IEP is an early intercession. IEPs are working paperss for all staff that must be written in a slang free linguistic communication apprehensible for all. In it, a structured planning certification to assist pupils accomplish identified marks. It ditacte what should be Teach and the standards ; puting realistic marks that should be assessable and apprehensible. They should be learning and larning programs puting out what, how and how frequently peculiar cognition, understanding and accomplishments should be taught. Using extra or different activities from the mainstream lesson. It contains the stairss and learning demands needed to assist pupils accomplish identified marks. ( inclusive edu ) Porpuses of IEPs are largely ocused in addresing an identified larning demand in order to detect proper ways on how to run into the student ; s larning demand, and how to turn to it. As a consequence of an IEP, instructors have two tools: early action plus and school action plus. The former, focuses on what commissariats can the school make to assist the student utilizing internal resources in the school, the latter, is intercession of external parties from the school that can turn to more appropiately e.g psychologists, constabulary, etc†¦ ( cita ) An IEP should include: Short term marks, learning schemes, commissariats, alteration day of the month, succes or issue standards, results. Everything should be realistic and built-in to classroom and curriculum planning. Targets should be accomplishable for both student and instructor, they should be in little stairss so that the succes is clearly seeable to the student as he will go more self-assured, the challenges will be made rigourous. Parents should ever be informed and pass on with them, they are a great beginning of information and aid. Pupil ‘s informaito nshould be communicated to all staff inless issues of confidentiallity should be considered. However if the demand is terrible or complex, all staff should be informed, record advancement and portion with parents al the information. Its of import to observe that one-to-one tuition will non ever be the best manner: an alternate and most appropitate manner will be supplying differentiated or extra acquisition stuff, equipment, equal or grownup support. As a consequence of an IEP, concerne student ‘s will be monitored and will profit from differentiated or extra acquisition that in some instances led the pedagogues the undertaking to do the student achieve marks, an IEP is the first measure in instances when pedagogues are placing a echt acquisition trouble necessitating a statementing procedure, informaton about the 5- Classroom behavious direction A ) Understand different schemes for covering with kids ‘s behavior in the schoolroom and their nexus with different theories on behavior. Classroom direction is how the instructor delivers the course of study and the environment at which pupils will larn ( cita pag55 mana ) . Throughout clip, q lqrve assortment of theories and schemes about behaviors have been made available, thanks to these research workers, who made legion contibrutions, teahcers can now implement a assortment of schemes for making environments that will enable behaviors conductive to pupil ‘s larning. We will see different theories proposed by Maslow, Piagets, Dreikurs, Lee Cantor and Marzano and illustrations on how can they be inplemented into an inclusive acquisition environement to eventually show how can this impact straight behaviour in the schoolroom. Abraham Maslow ‘s psycologist, as stated in his 1954 book â€Å" motive and personality † believed that realization was the impulsive force of human personality. Maslow stablishes the theory of hirachy of demands, between 1945 -1954, saying that worlds are motivated by unsated demands, and that certain lower demands need to be satisfied before higher demands can be satisfied, these demands influence human behavior. Maslow recomends ways in which pedagogues can follow a individual turning attacks. Educators should react to the potency of single by driving them towards self-actualization. ( cita ) youtube Maslow ‘s penetration placed self-actualization in a hierachy of motives, he considered it as being the highest thrust. However, to accomplish this phase a individual must fulfill other lower motives such as thirst, hungriness, slumber, safety. Maslow ‘s hierachy has five degrees, instructors can use schemes to each degree in order to heighten pupils larning as seen below: Physiological demand: School breakfast and tiffin programmes, equal room tempeture, bathroom and imbibe interruptions. Safety: Prepare good planned, structured lessons. Establish clear regulations and outlooks Sociable: acquire to cognize the pupil and be supportive. Be available and listen Steem: focal point on Strenght non weaknesses. Be watchful to student troubles, create a positive environment. Self realization: Provide oportunity for geographic expedition, expect pupils to make their best using Maslow hierachy of demands intp the classrrom is an scheme that will enable a encouraging acquisition from the portion of the pupil as they realize their ain potential.is all about assisting them express themselves and giving them the freedom to make so. Equally long as there is a good schoolroom civilization, a sense of community and edifice friendly relationships are the evidences to supply self realization which is literally the feeling of cognizing oneself and what one wants. Jean Jean piagets proposed a phase theory of psychological developemtn cognitive developemtn ( Piaget ‘s Theory of Cognitive Developement ) , , it emphasise distinguishable and significance qualitative alterations in how toughs proceed, in how the external universe form how it comes to be understood with the transition of clip, and cardinal points in development. The cognitive modules or powers really display qualitative different unique first clip merely ways of covering with the external universe. In other words, people ‘s ability to get, form, retrieve, and utilize cognition to steer their behavior. Piaget identified four phases in cognitive development: Sensorimotor phase: 0 to 2 Pre-operational phase: â€Å" to 7 Concrete operational phase: 7 to 11 Formal operationla phase: 11 onwards He believed that worlds could n't be given information that they instantly understand. Worlds have to build their ain cognition and they do this through experimentation. Experience enables kids to make strategies, which are mental theoretical accounts and so the strategies may be altered through assimilation, adjustment and equilibrium. ( cita ) An illustration, Based on the larning theory of Piaget, the instructional bringing in, for illustration, in a 5th class schoolroom should be largely kinaesthetic, i.e giving assignements that will take pupils to experiment through logical and systematic use of symbols related to concrete objects. Delivering a Piagetian aproach In a schoolroom means that a instructor should establish instructional bringing, schoolroom direction and appraisals on strategies that the pupils already know. Other intereting attacks and theories e.g, rudolf Dreikurs who in one of his considered finest part to the improvement of human society he constructed what is considered the most effectual tool in understanding kids behavior: The four ends of misbehavior and techniques to uncover on a misbehaving kid. The development of the system of natural and logical effects. Identify misguided end: Response to misbehaviour, detect pupils reactions Confront misguided end: provide account with treatment of the mistake. Avoid power struggles with pupils: Teacher must retreat his authorization figure Encourage pupils who display insufficiency: Offer encourage and support. OJO DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEHAVIOUS Dreikurs attack to an acceptable classrroom behavior involves the instructor utilizing techniques such as democratic instruction, which is translated as a just determination doing procedure in the schoolroom, pupils and instructor set bounds and standards, pupils should do portion of the descicion doing procedure and the effects when behavior understandings are broken. Assertive subject in another theory, developed by Lee and Marlene Canter in 1976, focused chiefly on learning pupils to take responsible behavior in order to raise self-steem and increase succes, this is done by implementing positive relationship pupil – instructor. Teacher will recognize and back up positive behavior and bound inapropriate or riotous 1s, pedagogues must so explicate what is the behavior that is expected form the students. Assertive subject has been criticed A oppositions of Assertive Discipline think that pupils should be taught to be more self-restraining. Canter ‘s usage of wagess and penalties gives pupils the thought that they follow the regulations to avoid penalty or to recieve wagess, non because it is the right or incorrect thing to make. ( cita ) A more recent attack made by Robert Marzano ( 2003 ) who summarised the findings of over 100 studies on schoolroom direction, including 134 strict experiments designed to happen out which schoolroom direction techniques work best. Marzano ‘s meta-study describes four basic attacks that have been found to better behavior in schoolrooms and their effectivity. Rules and processs: Schemes to clearly and merely express regulations and other outlooks of pupil behavior. Teacher-student relationships: Schemes to better the resonance, and common regard between instructor and pupil Disciplinary intercessions: implement the regulations described above Mental set: Schemes to develop your consciousness of what is traveling on in your schoolroom and why. A witting control over your ideas and feelings when you respond to a break. Marzano grouped high quality research surveies on schoolroom direction into the four classs above, and so calculated an mean consequence size for each. These consequences will enable any instructor to experiment in the schoolroom and see which works best for them. ( cita Teaching today ) We have seen how theories on instruction can hold an impact in the manner we teach, Maslow concluded that instruction should drive pupils towards self-actualization, Piaget ‘s finds and findings aid instructors today select appropiate instruction methods harmonizing to pupils degree, Dreikurs encourages larning in a democratic manner affecting teacher – pupil in determination devising, using self-asserting adherent by Lee lope will enable students to raise self-steem and coonfidence and eventually attacks like those made by Marzano will enlight instructors in seeing consequences from experiences and experiments on schoolroom behavior. All of these theories and schemes will enable instructors to fix lesson programs that will actuate, exite and incite appropriate behaviors, at the terminal of the twenty-four hours the more intereseting the lesson, the fewer behavior jobs will develop. OJO NO MENTIONE PIATGE Y CURRICULO B ) Understand the schemes for forming students in groups, paired and single scholars. Working on a undertaking entirely without aid from anyone promotes a kid ‘s assurance. But, acquisition is frequently a concerted procedure including societal interactions that have positive results in societal and cognitive procedure as a consequence of the shared experience, so how to equilibrate these two constructs in order to form student ‘s work and accomplishments. There are negative and positive results in both learning procedures and there are different schemes that can be an advantage for the acquisition of the student ‘s, we will some some of the schemes used for forming group work. Group work is active and gives pupils the opportunity to utilize methods, rules and vocabulary that they are being taught. It gives pupils a sense of self-checking and equal tutoring, where mistakes in the apprehension can be cleared in a supportive mode, diffident pupils who normally do non take part in the category can more easy lend in a group undertaking. Furthermore, it gives pupils the chance to better resonance among themselves and an universally welcomed chance to acquire to cognize each other, constructing a trusting and back uping atmosphere for societal interaction and acquisition. There are nevertheless restrictions in the usage of group or paired work, in some instances, groups can travel off in the incorrect way and happen themselves hijacked by a determined person, some members of the group can merely go â€Å" riders † allowing others take the lead, instructors must supervise that each member takes duty for their work, be clear in what seeking to accomplish and do certain that group work is the best manner of accomplishing this. There are noumeorus schemes for activities in groups or paired, all of them depends on what the instructor is seeking to accomplish, a batch of group work is intended to allow the students arrive to the larning nonsubjective drawn by the instructor by themselves, this is itself one of the schemes in the usage of groups, instructors challenge their heads, by giving instructions, effectual monitoring and demanding feedback. This method is where the instructor steps back and watch students reach aims by their ain, by making so, they have non merely reached the learning aim of the activity itself but adquired many different other competences in the societal, forming and research field that student ‘s, as they are working normally do non even notice. Many group or paired activities are as follow: Single undertaking: carry out a undertaking or sequence of undertaking. ( tasks demands to be really clearly stated, and interrupt down if necessary. Same, selected and different undertakings: undertaking can be indistinguishable for each group or selectd by the group Group challenges and competitions: Challenges motivates more than competitions, in disputing everyone will accomplish, in competitions there is merely one victor. The circus: chiefly an activity used in Science lessons, but happening extended usage, consist in a series of undertakings carried out by each group in different order. Buzz groups: pupils discuss ( normally paired ) in order to reply a inquiry, solve a job, pull thoughts or deign. Brainstorming: method of bring forthing a big figure of originative thoughts for subsequent rating. Peer tutoring: It allow fasters scholars to learn the slowee and question misconception without embarrasement. Presentations: Each group researches a different subject and makes a presentation to rest of the category. The schemes above are merely some illustrations of activities that can be carried out, there exist far more than this paper could cover. Regardless of what activity is to be used in the schoolroom instructors must foremost do certain if a group activity will run into their demands, and if anterior cognition is required before prosecuting in group work or paired for that affair, teacher must be clear on what he wants students to accomplish and do certain if the group work is the best manner of accomplishing this, distinction is really of import because instructors will accommodate group work for the different abilities present in the schoolroom. It is nevertheless, really of import as good single work